[영어 문법] - 동명사(Gerund)

동명사(Gerund)
1. 동명사의 형태
①일음절어로 단모음 + 단자음으로 끝날 때.
* swim → swimming. run → running.
② 2음절어로서 후강세어 (자음 하나 더)
* prefer → preferring.
③ -ie + ing → -ying. lie → lying. die → dying.
④기타: 어미가 c로 끝나는 단어가 [k]로 발음될 경우→k를 쓴 뒤에 ing.
어미가 발음되지 않는 e로 끝난 단어는 e를 생략하고 ing.
* mimic → mimicking. picnic → picnicking.
smoke → smoking. decide → deciding.
◇예외: be → being. see → seeing. dye[dai] → dyeing. ; 염색하다.

2. 동명사의 기능: 동사의 성질, 명사적 역할.
①주어자리.
* Making much money is not the end aim of life.
* It is very pleasant walking in the country. (진주어)
②명사보어자리. (주어 = 명사보어)
* His hobby is collecting stamps. (동명사)
* He is collecting stamps. (현재분사)
* It is throwing your money away.
(그것은 돈을 버리는 일이다. 즉, 쓸데없는 낭비다.)
③목적어자리.
* I don't like playing baseball.
* I found it unpleasant walking in the rain.
* Thank you for your answering so promptly.
△동사 answering은 전치사 for의 목적어이며(명사적 성질), 그리고 so promptly에 의해 수식(동사적 성질)되고 있다. 또 your가 동명사앞에 있다.

3. 동명사와 현재분사의 구별
* 명사(동명사)/ + 명사
형용사(현재분사) + 명사/
* a /sleeping car = a car for sleeping. (침대차)
a sleeping /child = a child who is sleeping.
◇동명사로 쓰이면 목적이나 용도 ～하기 위하여, 현재분사는 상태나 동작으로 ～하고 있는...
◇동사원형 + ing + 명사에서 목적(～하기 위하여)으로 번역하여 문맥이 통하면 동명사이며 상태나 동작으로 통하면 현재분사이다.

4. 동명사의 의미상의 주어
* That she come here was surprising.
= For her to come here was surprising. (부정사구문)
= Her coming here was surprising. (동명사구문)
◇동명사의 의미상 주어가 명사일 땐 소유격이나 목적격 모두 가능.
의미상의 주어가 무생물이면 일방적으로 목적격. 동명사의 의미상의 주어가 일반인을 나타낼 땐 의미상의 주어를 생략.
* Studying English is no easy task. (의미상의 주어 생략 - 일반인)
* He insist that he should attend the party.
= He insist on (upon) attending the party. (his를 생략)
◇ insist는 주장하다의 뜻이므로 that～ 에서는 반드시 should + 동사원형을 쓰며 접속사 that은 생략, on이나 upon을 쓴 뒤 he는 본주어와 같으므로 attending을 씀.
◇동명사 attending의 의미상 주어가 생략되었다는 것은 본주어와 같다.
* He insist that Tom should attend the party. (복문)
= He insist on (upon) Tom('s) attending the party. (단문)
→ that 생략, on 또는 upon을 쓴 뒤 that 다음의 주어가 본주어와 다르므로 Tom을 Tom's 또는 Tom 등으로 고친 뒤 조동사 should 생략.

5. 동명사의 시제
* 형태.

* He is proud that he is a poet. (복문)
= He is proud of being a poet. (단문)
◇접속사 that을 생략하고 of를 쓸 것. that～의 주어 he는 본주어와 같으므로 생략.
◇미래동작을 의미하는 형용사, 동사, 명사 등의 다음에 오는 that절에 미래시제가 오고 본동사가 현재시제일지라도 단순동명사를 사용.
* There is no hope that of his succeeding.
→ There is no hope that he will succeed.
◇ remember, forget 등의 다음에는 완료형 동명사 대신 단순동명사를 사용할 것, remember 다음에 부정사가 오면 미래시제를 쓴다.
* I remember that I saw her.
= I remember having seen her. (×)
= I remember seeing her. (○)
* I am sure of his being a man of ability.
(나는 그가 유능한 사람임을 확신한다; 시제는 본동사와 일치)
= I am sure that he is a man of ability.
* I am sure of his having been a man of ability in his youth.
(나는 그가 젊었을 때는 유능한 사람이었다고 확신한다; 동명사의 완료형, 시제가 본동사보다 하나 앞선다.)
= I am sure that he was a man of ability in his youth.
* I don't like being asked to make a speech.
(나는 연설 부탁을 받는 것을 싫어한다; being asked는 수동태)
* I never heard of such a thing having been done.
(나는 그런 일이 이루어졌다고는 들어보지 못했다.)
= I never heard that such a thing had been done.

6. 동명사와 부정사
①동사의 특성에 따라 어떤 동사는 동명사만을 혹은 어떤 동사는 부정사만을 목적어로 취한다.
ⓐ동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사.
: mind, enjoy, give up, avoid, finish, escape, admit, consider, deny, postpone, practice 등...
△ I finished writing my composition.
ⓑ부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사.
: wish, hope, care, choose, expect, refuse, decide, mean, plan 등...
△ I hope to see you again.
②동명사와 부정사를 모두 목적어로 취하나 의미가 달라지는 동사.
ⓐ remember, forget + ～ ing: 과거의 일.
remember, forget + 부정사: 미래의 일.
* I remember to see him. (만날 것)
I remember seeing him. (만난 것)
* I forget posting the letter. (나는 편지 부쳤던 일을 잊고있다.)
Don't forget to post the letter. (편지 부칠 것을 잊지 마세요.)
ⓑ stop + 동명사 : ～하는 것을 그만두다.
stop + 부정사 : ～하기위해 가던 길을 멈추다.
* I stopped smoking.
I stopped to smoke.
ⓒ try + 동명사 : 시험삼아 ～하다.
try + 부정사 : ～하려고 시도하다.
* He tried moving the piano.(그는 시험삼아 피아노를 옮겼다; 옮김)
He tried to move the piano. (그는 피아노를 옮기려고 시도했다; 옮기지 않음)
ⓓ go on + 동명사 : 계속해서 ～하다.
go on + 부정사 : 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.
* He went on talking about his accident.
(그는 줄곳 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)
He went on to talk about his accident.
(그는 잠시 쉬었다가 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)

7. There is no + ～ ing: ～을 할 수 없다.
* There is no knowing what may happen.
= It is impossible to know what may happen.
= We cannot know what may happen.
= 무슨일이 일어날지 알 수 없다.
* There is no trusting him.
= It is impossible to trust him.
= We cannot trust him.

8. It is no use + ～ ing : ～해도 소용없다.
* It is no use(good) crying over spilt milk.
= It is - of no use -to cry over spilt milk.
- useless -
= There is no use (in) crying over spilt milk.
= What is the use (the point) of crying over spilt milk?

9. of one's own + ～ ing : 자기가 직접 ～하는
* This is a picture of my own painting.
which I have painted myself.
(which is) painted by myself. (p.p + by oneself)

10.It goes without saying that health is above wealth.
It is needless to say
It is a matter of course
It is not too much to say
= 건강이 부보다 중요하다는 것은 두말할 필요가 없다.

11. cannot help ～ing : ～하지 않을 수 없다.
cannot but + 동사원형: ～할 수 밖에 없다.
* I cannot help admiring his courage.

12. on + ～ ing, in + ～ ing
* on + ～ ing = as soon as (when) + 주어 +동사:～하자마자. ～할 때.
in + ～ ing = when + 주어 + 동사: ～할 때에는.
* As soon as he received the letter he turned pale.
= On (his) receiving the letter, he turned pale.
= He had no sooner received the letter than he turned pale.
scarcely when
hardly before
= No sooner had he received the letter, than he turned pale.
Scarcely when
Hardly before

13. cannot too: 아무리 ～해도 지나치지 않다.
* We cannot be too careful when we choose friends.
= We cannot be too careful in choosing friends.

14. What, Need + 능동동명사
* What + 능동동명사 (○)
Need 수동동명사 (×)
Require 수동부정사 (○) → ～을 필요로한다. ～을 해야한다.
* His house needs being painted. (×)
wants painting. (○)
requires to be painted. (○)

15. 동명사의 관용적 용법 Ⅰ
① be busy with + 명사.
(in) + ～ ing. : ～하는데 분주하다. 바쁘다.
* I am busy with my task.
* She was busy (in) tidying up his desk.
② feel like + ～ ing.
feel inclined + to do : ～하고 싶은 생각이 나다.
* I feel like sleeping now.
= I feel inclined to sleep now.
ware a mind to
am disposed to
③ What do you say to + ～ ing? : ～하는 게 어때?
* Let's play baseball after lunch, shall we?
= How about ---- playing baseball after lunch?
What about ---- "
= What do you say to playing baseball after lunch.
= What do you think about playing baseball after lunch.
◇ Let's로 시작되는 부가의문문은 shall we?
④ be on the point of + ～ ing: ～하려는 찰라다, 막 ～하려고 하다.
* He was on the point of being drowned.
on the verge of
on the brink of
on the edge of
= He was about to be drowned.
⑤ cannot ～ without … ing: …않고 ～하는 일을 없다.
cannot ～ but …(S+V) : …하면 반드시 ～하다.
* Whenever I met him, I think of his brother.
= I never meet him without thinking of his brother.
= I never meet him but I think of his brother.
= 그를 만날 때 마다 그의 동생이 생각나다.
⑥ be worth ～ing
= be worth while + 동명사, 부정사
= be worthy of + 동명사, 명사
= ～할만한 가치가 있다.
* This is worth while to read this book.
= It is worth while to read this book.

16. 관용적용법 Ⅱ
① make a point of + ～ ing : ～을 규칙으로 하다.
* I make a point of getting up early.
= I am in the habit of getting up early.
= It is my rule to get up early.
= I make it a rule to get up early.
② come near + ～ ing.
go near + ～ ing.
nearly escape + ～ ing. : 하마터면 ～할 뻔하다.
* He came near being drowned.
③ not A but B = instead of + ～ ing = not only A but also B
= besides + ～ ing
in addition to
* She is not shy, but unsocial.
= Instead of being shy, she is unsocial.
* He is not only brave, but also wise.
= Besides being brave he is wise.

17. To + ～ ing
① be opposed to
object to + ～ ing : ～을 반대하다.
have an objection to
* I am very much opposed to going there.
* Have you any objection to my wearing this suit?
② contribute to + ～ ing : ～에 공헌하다. 기여하다.
* He contributed to the growth of the city.
③ turn one's attention to + ～ ing (명사) : ～에 주의를 돌리다.
～에 관심을 갖다.
* He did not turn his attention to making a fortune until he was forty.
(그는 40이 되고나서야 재산 모으는데 관심을 가졌다.)
④ with a view to + ～ ing : ～하기 위하여. (for the purpose)
* I study English with a view to going abroad.
⑤ be equal to + ～ ing : ～할 능력이 있다.
* I am equal to doing the task.
⑥ revote ---- A to B(동명사)
dedicate --- : A를 B에 바치다.
* He devoted all his time to studying history.
⑦ be use to + ～ ing.
be accustomed to + 동사원형(동명사) : ～에 익숙하다.
* I am used to playing the piano.
= I am accustomed to playing (또는 play) the piano.
⑧ what do you say to + ～ ing : ～하는 게 어때?
* What do you say to playing tennis with me?
⑨ take to + ～ ing : ～에 빠지다, 정이들다.
* He took to writing after he retired from the college.
⑩ look forward to + ～ ing : ～을 기대하다, 고대하다.
* I am looking forward to seeing you again.
① fall to + ～ ing = begin to + 동사원형 : ～을 시작하다.
* They fell to discussing the serious problem.

18. 동명사 구문의 문장 전환 Ⅰ
① insist that + 주어 + 동사 = insist on + ～ ing: ～을 주장하다.
* I insisted he should be invited to the party.
= I insisted on his being invited to the party.
② decide that + 주어 + 동사 = decide on + ～ ing: ～하기로 결정하다
* My father decided that I should marry her.
= My father decided on my marrying her.
③ hear, think, complain, know, dream + that + 주어 + 동사
= hear, think, complain, know, dream + of + ～ ing
* I am glad to hear that you have succeeded.
= I am glad to hear of your having succeeded.
④ repent that + 주어 + 동사 = repent + (of) + ～ ing.
* He repent that he was idle in his youth.
= He repents (of) having been idle in his youth.
⑤ suggest, deny, regret, like + that + 주어 + 동사
= suggest, deny, regret, like + ～ ing. (타동사이므로 전치사×)
* I suggested that we should play tennis.
= I suggested our playing tennis.

19. 문장전환 Ⅱ
① be sorry that + 주어 + 동사 = be sorry for + ～ ing
:～에 대해 유감이다.(미안,감사,벌,꾸중 등을 나타낼 땐 이유전치사 for를 사용)
* I am sorry that I offended you.
= I am sorry for having offended you.
② scold, blame A for B: B 때문에 A를 꾸짖다. 나무라다.
* He scolded me that I had neglected my duty.
= He scolded me for having neglected my duty.
③ punish A for B: B 때문에 A를 벌주다.
④ be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + of + ～ ing
* I am glad that my brother passed the exam.
= I am glad of my brother having passed the exam.
⑤ be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + of + ～ ing
: ～을 확신하다.
* I am sure that he will live to eight.
= I am sure of his living to eighty.
⑥ be aware (conscious) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be aware (conscious) + of + ～ ing : ～을 알다.
* He was conscious that the matter was important.
= He was conscious of the matter being important.

20. 동격명사절의 문장전환
◇주로 동격 명사절을 이끄는 문장.
* fact(사실), doubt(의심), evidence(증거), chance(기회), report(보고), rumor(소문), proof(증거), hope(희망), news(소식), idea(생각), certainty(확실), suggestion(제안), possibility = probability = likelihood(가능성, 가망), conclusion(결론)
* The fact that he is honest is known to everybody.
= The fact of his being honest is known to everybody.
his honesty
◇동격명사절인 that～는 주어나 목적어, 보어 등이 생략되지 않은 완전한 문장.

< 풀어 볼 문제...>
①각 문장의 틀린 부분을 고쳐라.
ⓐ He insisted to go for a drive.
ⓑ The rain prevented me to go to the party.
ⓒ Are you sure of he will come?
ⓓ No one has ever succeeded to explain this phenomenon.
ⓔ Exercise strengthens instead of weakens the body.
ⓕ She came near to be drowned.
ⓖ I objected to be treated like that.
ⓗ I don't care running the risk.
ⓘ She devoted herself to look after him.
ⓙ You will have to speak a little louder. He is hard to hear.
ⓚ He is above to do such a mean thing.
ⓛ He regrets being not able to help me.
②다음 각 문항의 뜻의 차이를 말하여라.
ⓐ I hate lying.
I hate to lie.
ⓑ I like swimming.
I like to swim now.
ⓒ He is sure of success.
He is sure of to succeed.
③공란을 적당한 단어로 채워라
ⓐ This picture is ( ) her own painting.
ⓑ This book is ( ) reading intensively.
ⓒ The glass is very brittle; It wants ( ) with care.