[영어 문법] - 분사(Participle)

분사(Participle)

1. 분사의 한정용법: 명사 앞이나 뒤에서 직접 수식.
①전위수식 (앞에서 수식)
* Who is the sleeping baby?
②후위수식.
* I received a latter written in English.
= I received a latter which was written in English.

2. 서술용법
①주격보어로 쓰일 때
* He sat reading the magazine. (현재분사: 능동의 관계)
* He remained satisfied with his salary. (과거분사: 수동의 관계)
②목적격보어로 쓰일 때
* I don't like to see you disappointed.
* I saw him crossing the street. (O.C)
* Of those invited only a few came to the party.
(◇분사가 대명사를 수식할 경우 단독일지라도 뒤에 놓인다.)

3. 분사의 비교
* 자동사의 현재분사 → 진행, ～하고 있는.
자동사의 과거분사 → 완료나 상태, ～한, ～해버린.
* playing children = children who are playing.
fallen leaves = leaves which are fallen. (낙엽)
(타동사의 현재분사: 능동 또는 사역, ～시키는, ～하게하는.
타동사의 과거분사: 수동의 뜻, ～된, ～당한, ～받은.)
◇ an exciting game
= a game which excites the one. (열광적인 경기)
an excited spectator
= a spectator who is excited. (열광된 관중)

4. 분사의 기타용법
①의사분사: 명사의 어미에 -ed를 붙여서 과거분사의 형태로 ‘～을 가지고 있는’의 뜻인 형용사로 쓰임.
* a long-tailed monkey = a monkey having a long tail.
a three-legged stool = a stool having three legs.
a blue-eyed girl = a girl who has blue eyes.
② 2형식동사 + 형용사(보어) → 형용사 + 현재분사.
* The rose smells sweet → the sweet-smelling rose. (향기나는 장미)
* The wine tastes nice → the nice-tasting wine. (맛이좋은 술)
주어 + be + p.p + by + 명사 → 명사 + p.p. + 주어.
* The fruit is dried by the sun. → the sun-dried fruit.(햇빛에 말린 과일)
* Citizens are struck by terror. → terror-stricken citizens. (공포에 질린 시민)
주어 + be + 부사 + p.p. → 부사 + p.p. + 주어.
* English is widely spoken. → widely-spoken English. (널리쓰이는 영어)
* The worker is well trained. → the well-trained worker. (잘훈련된 일꾼)
주어 + 타동사 + 목적어 → 목적어 + 현재분사 + 주어.
* The drug kills pain. → the pain-killing drug. (진통제)
* The animals eat plants. → the plant-eating animals. (초식동물)
③부사로 사용되는 분사 ⇒ 매우(very)의 뜻.
* It's biting (piercing, freezing) cold. (매우춥다)
* He got soaking wet. (그는 흠뻑 젖었다.)
④ the + 분사.
* They dying and the dead were carried on stretchers.
(죽어가는 사람들과 죽은 사람들이 들 것에 실려갔다.)

5. 분사의 시제

* Living in the country I am very health.
= As I live in the country. I am very healthy.
* Living in the country, I was very healthy.
= As I lived in the country, I was very healthy.
* Having finished my work, I have nothing to do.
= As I have finished (finished) my work, I have nothing to do.
* Having written my letter, I posted it.
= After I had written my letter, I posted it.
* While bathing in the river, he was drowned.
→ 분사구문의 뜻이 이유, 조건 등 어느 것인지 혼동을 방지하기 위해 해당 접속사를 분사구문 앞에 부가할 경우가 있다. 즉, Bathing in the river를 As he bathed in the river로의 오역을 막기위해 While 을 두었다.

6. 분사구문의 종류
①시간 (～할 때)
* Walking along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
= While he walked along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
* Left alone, I began to read.
= When I was left alone, I began to read.
②이유, 원인 (～이므로)
* Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice. (부정어는 분사 앞에)
= As I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.
* Tired, I went to bed early.
= As I was tired, I went to bed early.
③조건 (～한다면)
* Turning to the right, you will find the house.
= If you turn to the right, you will find the house.
* Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.
= Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more ～
④양보 (비록 ～한다할지라도)
* Admitting what you say, I still don't believe it.
= Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it.
* Born of the same parents, they bear no resemblance to each other.
= Though they were born of the same parents, they bear ～
⑤부대상황 (동시동작: while, as; ～하면서)
* Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.
= While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.
* Walking on tiptoe, I approached the window.
= I walked on tiptoe and approached the window.
* Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.
= As we sang and danced together, we had a good time.
⑥부대상황 (연속동작: ～, and + 동사; 그리고 ～하다)
* We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at noon.
= We started in the morning arriving in Seoul at noon.

7. 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 따로 있는 경우.
①때.
* The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
= After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.
②이유.
* It being fine, we went for a walk.
= As it was fine, we went for a walk.
③조건.
* We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.
= We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.
④부대상황.
* He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.
= He was reading a book, and his wife knitting beside him.
(그는 책을 읽고 있었고, 그의 부인은 남편 옆에서 뜨게질을 하고 있었다.)
◇ Having read a book, it was thrown away. (×)
Having read a book, I was threw it away. (○)

8. Being, Having been의 생략.
: 형용사, 명사, 과거분사 앞에 쓰인 being 또는 having been은 생략가능.
분사구문의 시제가 본동사 시제와 같을 때 being이 본동사 시제보다 하나 더 과거시제일 땐 having been 생략.
* (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
= As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.
* Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.
= When dinner was over, he went out for a walk.
* (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
= If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.

9. 분사의 강조용법
* As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
= Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
◇분사에 사용된 동사가 live, stand, write와 같이 일반동사일 땐 do를 사용, be 동사일 땐 be를 사용한다.
◇ being + 과거분사구문 강조 → as + 주어 + be 동사.
◇ ～ing as it does 형.
* Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.
(저렇게 언덕 위에 서 있으므로, 그 별장은 전망이 좋다.)
(as; 양태접속사, it; the villa, does; stands의 대동사)
* I feel it as a rare occasion, occurring as it does only once in many years.
(몇 년 만에 한 번밖에 일어나지 않는 드문 일이라고 나는 생각한다.)
(occurring의 의미상의 주어는 occasion이다.)

10. 비인칭 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 we, you, they, people, one 등과 같이 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 땐 생략.
* Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources.
= If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.
* Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.
= If we speak strictly, he is not an artist.

11. with + 목적어 + 분사 (부대상황) ⇒ 생생한 묘사적 효과.
① with + 목적어 + 현재분사. (목적어의 능동적 행동)
* He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, the cat dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, with the cat dozing at his feet.
* It was a mistry morning, with little wind blowing.
= It was a mistry morning and little wind was blowing.
(바람이 거의 불지 않는 안개 낀 아침 이었다.)
→ 여기에서 with를 뺀다면 little wind blowing은 독립분사구문이다.
② with + 목적어 + 과거분사. (목적어의 수동적 행동)
* He stood there, and he closed his eyes.
= He stood there, closing his eyes.
= He stood there, and his eyes were closed by him.
= He stood there, his eyes (being) closed (by him).
= He stood there, with his eyes closed. (with 분사구문)
* With an eye bandaged, I could not write properly.
(한 눈을 붕대 감고 있었으므로 나는 글을 잘 쓸 수 없었다.)
③ with + 목적어 + 부사(구)
* I shall be lonely with you away. (당신이 멀리 떠나버린다면)
* with his feet on the pillow. (두 다리를 베게 위에 올려 놓은 채)
with his head against a cushion. (머리를 방석 위에 기댄 채)
④ with + 목적어 + 형용사.
* Don't speak with your mouth full. (입에 음식을 가득 넣은 채)

12. 문두에 나오는 주격보어
(Being을 보충하면 이유를 나타내는 분사구문이 된다.)
* Impatient of the heat, he left town for the country.
= Being impatient of ～
(더위를 참을 수 없어서, 그는 도시를 떠나 시골로 내려갔다.)
* A man of social instincts, he had many acquaintances.
= Being a man of ～
(사교성이 풍부한 사람이었으므로, 그는 아는 사람이 많았다.)