[영어 문법] - 전치사(Preposition)

전치사(Preposition)

1. 전치사의 형태 및 목적어
①단순전치사: at, by, till, after, on, concerning, excepting, considering...
②전치사구 : for want of, in place of, on account of, in spite of..
* She left the house by the back door.
◇전치사 뒤에 오는 목적어는 모두 목적격이어야하며, 전치사의 목적어에는 명사, 대명사, 명사상당어구 (동명사, 부정사)가 됨.
* I want to the park with her.

2. 전치사의 위치 및 역할
①전치사는 그 목적어 바로 앞에 놓이는 것이 원칙이지만 다음의 경우에서는 전치사가 목적어에서 분리되어 사용되고 있음.
* For whom are you looking? = Whom (Who) are you looking for?
②전치사의 목적어 역할
ⓐ of + 추상명사 → 형용사구.
ⓑ전치사 + 추상명사 → 부사구.
ⓒ부사적대격 : 시간, 거리, 방법, 정도 표시 → 전치사 생략, 부사구 역할.
ⓓ형용사적대격: 나이, 크기, 모양, 색채, 가격 등 → of 생략, 형용사구로 쓰임.
* He is a man of ability. = He is an able man.
* He walked (for) ten miles. (부사적대격)
* They are (of) the same age. (형용사적대격)

3. 장소의 전치사
◇at은 좁은 장소, in은 넓은 장소. 천정이나 벽면에 부착된 것은 모두 on.
between은 2개 사이에, among은 3개 이상 사이.
* I was staying at a hotel in New York.
* There is a fly on the ceiling.
* The moon has risen above the horizon.
* They went up the mountain.
* Let's divide this money between you and me.
* My house is in forest of the theater.

4. 운동 방향의 전치사
① to → 도착지점, from → 출발지점.
②어느 범위 안의 정지된 상태에서 “～의 안에”의 뜻인 경우 → in.
③밖에서 안으로 들어오는 운동의 뜻으로 ～의 안으로 → into.
④안에서 밖으로 나가는 운동의 뜻으로 ～의 밖으로 → out of.
⑤처음과 끝의 한계가 명확하며 ～을 가로질러, 횡단하여 → across.
⑥처음과 끝의 한계가 명확하지 않은 상황 ～을 따라서 → along.
⑦ through는 어느 곳을 관통하여 지나가는 것, 운동방향이 있음.
⑧ for는 방향이나 행선지 표시, ～을 향하여.
⑨ toward는 막연한 목표를 향하는 것.
⑩강 또는 거리 등을 따라서 갈때 → along.
* He was standing in the corner of the room.
* He made a running dive into the river.
* A fish cannot live out of the water.
* We sailed sown along the river to see the beautiful scenery.
* The road goes through the forest.

5.시간의 전치사
① at : 몇시, 몇분, 밤, 정오, 새벽, 시각.
on : 날짜, 정해진 시간.
in : 월, 계절, 년, 세기, 아침, 저녁, 오후.
◇어느 특정의 아침, 오후, 저녁은 in 대신에 on을 씀.
* at seven o'clock, at noon, on Sunday, on the tenth of April, in April, in summer, in 1937...
② in : ～이 지나면 (시제는 미래가 중심)
within : ～이내에 (일정한 기한내에)
after : ～후에 (동작의 완료 기준, 과거시제)
* Cancer will kill him in a few days.
* He will come back within a few months.
* The work was finished after a month.
③ by : ～까지 (어느 때 까지 동작완료)
till : ～까지 (어느 때 까지 동작의 계속)
* I will be here by six. (나는 여섯시까지 여기에 오겠다; by는 한계점만 나타냄)
* I will be here till six. (나는 여섯시까지 여기에 있겠다; till은 계속을 표시함)
④ since : ～이래 줄 곧 (과거로부터 현재까지 계속)
from : ～로 부터 (출발점만 표시)
* I have lived here since my birth. (나는 태어난 이래 줄곧 여기서 살고있다.)
* He works hard form morning till night. (그는 아침부터 저녁까지 열심히 공부한다.)
⑤ for : ～동안 (일반적으로 숫자 앞)
during : ～중에 (동작이나 상태의 계속, 특정의 사건, 기간 앞에)
through : ～동안 줄곧 (처음부터 끝까지 계속)
* The war lasted for seven years. (그 전쟁은 7년 동안 계속되었다.)
* He slept during the meeting. (그는 회의 도중에 잠을 잤다; 잠깐동안)
* He slept through the meeting. (그는 회의가 시작해서 끝날 때까지 줄곧 잤다; 계속)
* I stayed in Seoul for three days. During the three days, I met him.

6. 원인, 이유의 전치사
① from : 직접적 원인.
② through : 간접적, 소극적 원인. (태만, 과오, 결점, 매개의 수단)
③ at : 감정의 원인 (～을 보고서 (듣고서) 기쁘다 (슬프다).)
④ over : 감정의 원인 (～에 대하여 울다 (웃다)).
⑤ for : 행위의 이유 (～때문에)
⑥ with : 행위의 원인 (～때문에; 추위, 두려움, 무서움, 흥분)
* He was taken ill from fatigue.
* He died of consumption (cholera).
* We lost ourselves through not knowing the way.
* I was surprised at the news of his death.
* We rejoiced over the victory.
* She couldn't speak for laughing.
* He was trembling with fear (rage).

7. 재료, 원료의 전치사
① of : 물리적 변화 (형태나 질은 변하지 않음)
② from : 화학적 변화 (형태나 질이 변함)
③ into : 원료가 제품이 될 때 ( A is made into B )
④ in : 표현방법 (speak), 수단 (write), 재료 (paint), 착용.
* The house was made of stone. (그 집은 돌집이었다.)
* We can make chemical fibers from petroleum. (석유에서 화학섬유를 만들 수 있다.)
* The huts can be made into temporary houses. (그 오두막들은 임시 주택으로 개축될 수 있다.)
* This picture is painted in oils. (이 그림은 유채 재료로 그린 것이다.)
◇the man in uniform = 제복을 입은 남자. speaking in English = 영어로 말하는.
a statue in marble = 대리석으로 만든 조상.
bound in leather = 가죽으로 만들어진.
the woman in white = 흰 옷을 입은 여인.
dressed in rags = 누더기를 걸친.

8. 수단, 도구의 전치사
① with : 도구 (～을 가지고, ～으로)
② by : 행위자 (수동태), 수단 (능동태)
③ through : 중개, 경로 (～을 통하여), 매개, 수단.
* He was killed with a pistol.
* We eat soup with a spoon.
* He spoke through an interpreter.
* Our party went by bus and returned by train.

9. 전치사구 Ⅰ
① at the mercy of ～ ＝ in the power of : ～에 좌우되어, ～의 처분대로.
* The ship was at the mercy of the wind and the waves.
② at the risk of one's life : 목숨을 걸고, 죽을 각오를 하고.
* He saved the child at the risk of his own life.
③ by means of ～ ＝ by dint of ～ ＝ by virtue of ～ : ～의 덕택으로, ～에 의해서.
* Thoughts are expressed by means of words.
④ by way of ～ : ① ～을 경유하여.
② ～하기 위하여, ～하는 셈으로.
* I went to London by way of Paris.
* They are making inquiries by way os learning the facts.
⑤ for the purpose of ～ = with the object of～ ＝ with a view to
＝ with the view of ～ : ～할 목적으로.
* He entered college for the purpose of studying law.
⑥ for the sake of ～ = for the good of ～ = for the benefit of ～
＝ for the interest of ～ : ～을 위하여, ～의 이익을 위해.
* He argues for the sake of arguing.
⑦ in accordance with ～ : ～에 따라서, ～와 일치하여.
* He acted in accordance with his words.
⑧ in comparison with ～ = compared with ～ : ～과 비교하면.
* There is an over-supply in comparison with the demand.
⑨ in consequence of ～ = as a result of ～ : ～의 결과로서.
* In consequence of the inflation of the currency, the prices of things have greatly risen.
⑩ according to + 명사 = in proportion to + 명사.

* According to the rule, we can choose neither of them.
① according as + 주어 + 동사 = in proportion as + 주어 + 동사 : ～에 의하면, ～에 따라서.
* You will receive according as you give.
② in case (that) + 주어 + 동사 : ～할 경우에는, ～에 대비하여.
* Take a sweater in case (that) the weather should turn cold.
③ in case of + 명사 = in the event of : ～할 경우에는.
* In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
④ on account of ～ = because of ～ = on the ground of ～
= owing to ～ = due to ～ : ～때문에 (이유를 표시하는 전치사구)
* I cannot accept your invitation on account of my illness.
⑤ in spite of ～ = despite ～ = in the face of ～ = with all ～= for all ～ ＝ after all ～ : ～에도 불구하고.
* They went out in spite of the heavy rain.
⑥ in company with ～ = together with ～ : ～과 함께.
* He came in company with a group of boys.
⑦ in common with ～ = together with ～ : ～과 함께, ～처럼.
in the course of ～ = during ～ : ～하는 동안에.
in favor of ～ = in one's favor = for : ～에 찬성하여, ～에 이익이 되도록
in the light of ～ = in view of ～ : ～에 비추어서, ～의 관점에서.
in addition to ～ = besides : ～이외에도, ～뿐만 아니라.
in place of ～ = in one's place = instead of ～ : ～대신에.

10. 전치사구 Ⅱ
① in terns of ～ : ～의 면에서, ～의 견지에서.
～의 말투로, ～의 표현으로.
② in honor of ～ : ～에 경의를 표하여, ～을 축하하여.
③in (on) behalf of～=in (on) one's behalf～ :～을 위하여, ～을 대신하여.
④ as for ～ = with reference to ～ : ～에 관해 말하자면, ～에 관하여.
(주로 문두에 사용)
⑤ as to ～ = about ～ = concerning ～ = regarding ～ = as concerns
= in regard to ～ = in respect to ～ = with reference to ～: ～에 관하여.
⑥ apart from ～ : ～은 별문제로 하고, ～은 그만두고.
⑦ at the cost of ～ : at the expense of ～ : ～을 희생하여.
⑧ in pursuit of ～ = in search of ～ : ～을 찾아서, ～을 추구하여.
⑨ without regard to ～ = regardless of ～ = irrespective of ～: ～에 관계없이, ～에 상관없이.

11. 동사 + 전치사의 유형
① agree with + 사람
agree with + 제안
agree with + 의견
② answer to ～ : 일치하다, 부합하다.
answer for ～ : ～을 책임지다.
ask a favor of ～ : ～을 부탁하다.
ask for ～ : ～을 요구하다.
ask after ～ : 문병하다.
③ call on + 사람 : ～을 방문하다.
call at + 장소
call for ～ : 요구하다.
④ correspond with ～ : 일치하다, 서신왕래를 하다.
correspond to ～ : 동등하다, 상당하다.
⑤ compare A with B : A와 B를 비교하다.
compare A to B : A를 B에 비유하다.
⑥ deal in ～ : ～을 거래하다, 팔다.
deal with ～ : 취급하다, 다루다.
⑦ inquire into ～ = look into ～ = investigate : 조사하다.
inquire after ～ = ask after ～ : 문병하다.
inquire of ～ : 질문하다.
⑧ pass for ～ : ～으로 통하다.
⑨ put up at = stop at : ～에 투숙하다.
⑩ put up with = endure = bear = stand = tolerate : ～을 참다, 견디다.

[영어 문법] - 접속사(Conjunction)

접속사(Conjunction)

1. 접속사의 종류
① 의미상 종류
* 등위 접속사 : and, but, or, for 등
* 종속 접속사 : if, whether, that, because 등
② 형태상 종류
* 단순 접속사 : and, when, as, for 등
* 상관 접속사 : either ～ or, both ～ and, not only ～ but also
* 접속사구 : as soon as, as well as, as long as 등

2. 등위 접속사 and
* She is pretty and clever.
* Work hard, and you will pass the exam.
= If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
* Bread and butter is good for most sick people.
* The poet and statesman is dead.
The poet and the statesman are dead.
* Slow and steadily wins the race.
◇불가분의 관계에 있거나 단일개념은 단수 취급을 한다.
* go, come, try, send 등의 다음에 오는 and는 부정사 to 대용
◇ Come and see me next week.
= Come to see me next week.
* 형용사 + and + 형용사에서 앞의 형용사가 부사적 구실을 하는 경우.
◇ I am good and tired
= I am very tired.

3. 등위 접속사 But, Or, Nor
① But.
* He works slowly but accurately.
* He did not come on Sunday, but on Monday.
* Not that I don't like the game, but that I have no time.
◇not that A but that B = not because A but because B
=A 때문이 아니라 B 때문이다.
② Or.
* You may dance or sing here.
* Make haste or you will be late for school.
= If you do not make haste, you will be late for school.
= Unless you make haste, you will be late for school.
◇명령문 + or: ～해라, 그렇지 않으면 ～할 것이다.
* The distance is five miles, or about eight kilometers. (= that is; 즉)
③ Nor.
* Not a man, a woman, nor a child is to be seen.
◇nor는 and + not: 그리고 ～도 역시 아니다.
‘nor + 조동사(또는 be 동사) + 주어’의 형태와 같이 nor 다음에는 도치.
* I am nothing rich, and I do not wish to be (rich).
= I am not rich, nor do I wish to be.

4. 접속사 that
* If I complain, it is that I want to get justice. (because)
* He must be mad that he should cry out at this time of night.(판단의 기준)
* That he should betray me! That I were in England again! (놀람,슬픔,희망)
* That he is guilty is certain. (명사절 유도; It is certain that he is guilty)
* He realized the fact that he had made a great mistake.(동격의 명사절 유도)

5. 등위접속사
① Both
* He is both a novelist and a poet.
* He is remarkable both for his intelligence and for his skill.
◇at once (alike, both) A and B: A도 B도 ～이다. (양자긍정)
◇상관접속사는 같은 품사나 상당어구를 상관적으로 연결해야하며, 연결하는 어구가 같은 형태이어야 한다.)
② either A or B: A이거나 B이다. (양자택일)
neither A nor B: A도 B도 ～이 아니다. (양자부정)
* He must either mad or drunk.
* Either of these buses goes to the stadium.
◇either A or B, neither A or B에서 동사는 동사에서 가까운 곳에 있는 주어인 B에 일치 시킨다.
* He neither had money not food. (×)
* He had neither money nor food. (○)
◇either A or B, neither A nor B에 연결되는 부분은 문법상 같은 기능을 가진 상당어구이어야 한다.
③ not only (not merely) A but (also) B
= B as well as A
= A뿐만 아니라 B도 ～이다. (동사는 B에 일치)
* He not only teaches English but also write many novels.
=Besides (In addition to)teaching English, he writes many novels.
* He gave me both food and money.
not only food but also money.
not merely food but also money.
= He gave me money as well as food.
= He gave me food, and money.
* as well = besides = in to the bargain = in addition = additionally.

6. 명사절을 유도하는 접속사
◇that, whether, if, 의문사, 관계대명사.
* That he will succeed is certain.
= It is certain that he will succeed.
* Whether it is a good plan or not is a matter for argument.
◇that～의 문장은 모두 완전한 문장이어야 한다. 즉, 접속사로서 that이 유도하는 문장은 완전해야 한다.

7. 시간부사절을 이끄는 접속사
◇when, while, after, since, before, as soon as, the moment, the instant, instantly...
* I did not realize the value of the documents till yesterday.
= It was not until yesterday that I realized the value of the documents.
= Not until yesterday did I realize the value of the documents.
* I'll have finished the work by the time you get back.
◇조건부사절과 시간부사절에서는 미래시제 대신 현재시제를 사용한다.

8. 이유부사절을 유도하는 접속사
: because, since, as, for, now that, seeing that...
* I did not go, because I was busy.(내가 바빴기 때문에 가지 못했다.)
I did not go because I wanted to.(내가 가고 싶어서 간 것은 아니다)

9. 결과의 부사절을 이끄는 접속사
◇ so ～ that, such ～ that 등...
* As ---------------------- he is poor, he cannot buy the car.
since ㅣ
Because ㅣ
Now that ㅣ
Seeing that ㅣ
On the ground that----- → 이유접속사; ～하기 때문에.
= Because of ------------ his poverty, he cannot buy the car.
Owing to ㅣ
On account of ㅣ
On the ground of------- → 이유를 표시하는 전치사구.
◇이유를 표시하는 전치사구 다음엔 명사 또는 동명사 구문을 사용.
= He is so poor that he cannot buy the car.
= He is so poor as not to buy the car.
= He is too poor to buy the car.
= His poverty is such that he cannot buy the car.
= His poverty prevents him from buying the car.
= His poverty forbids him to buy the car.

10. 양보부사절을 유도하는 접속사
Though -------
Although ㅣhe is poor, he is happy.
If ㅣ
Even if -------- → 양보접속사
= In spite of ----------- his poverty, he is happy.
Despite ㅣ
After all ㅣ
For all ㅣ
With all ㅣ
In the face of ㅣ
Not withstanding----- → 양보전치사구 (비록 ～일지라도)

11. 명령형 양보부사절
①명령문(원형동사) + wh- clause.
* Wherever he may(will) go --------- he will be welcome.
No matter where he may go ㅣ
Let him go where he will ㅣ
Go where he will ------------------
(그가 어디에 가더라도 환영 받을 것이다.)
②명령문 + as clause
* However hard you may try ------------ you can never to it in a weak
No matter how hard you may try ㅣ
Try as you may (will) -----------
(네가 아무리 열심히 해볼지라도, 너는 그것을 1주일 안으로 해낼 수는 없다.)
③기타
* Be it ever so humble ----------------- there is no place like home.
However humble it may be ㅣ
No matter how humble it may be-----
(아무리 누추하더라도 내집 같은 곳은 없다.)
* Be a man ever so rich -----------------he should not idle.
However rich a man may be ㅣ
No matter how rich a man may be ----
(사람이 아무리 부자라 할지라도, 게을러서는 안된다.)

12. As 양보 부사절
: 형용사, 부사, 명사, 과거분사 + as(또는 though) + 주어 + 동사의 형태로서 양보의 뜻을 가진 것.
①형 + as (though) + 주어 + 동사
* Rich as he is ----------he cannot afford such extravagance
Rich though he is ㅣforever.
Though he is rich ------
(비록 그는 부자일지라도 영원히 그런 낭비를 감당할 수는 없다.)
②부사 + as + S + V
* Though he studied hard -------he failed in the exam.
Hard as the studied -----------
③명사 + as + S + V
* Though he was a coward ---------he could not bear such an insult.
Coward as he was ㅣ
Coward though he was -----------
◇ a coward가 문두로 도치되면 반드시 부정관사 a를 생략할 것.
④과거분사 (p.p) + as + S + V
* Though he was startled -------- he didn't lose his balance.
Startled as he was ㅣ
Startled though he was --------
(비록 그는 놀랐지만 마음의 안정을 잃지는 않았다.)
◇ keep one's balance = keep steady : 몸의 균형을 유지하다.
≠ lose one's balance : 균형을 잃다. (become unsteady)
마음의 안정을 잃다. (be upset)

13. 조건 부사절을 이끄는 접속사
* If you ask him, he will help you.
* Unless you work harder, you will fail.
= If you do work harder, you will fail.
* Suppose (that) he refuses, what shall we do?
= If he refuses, what shall we do?
* In case you find the man, please let me know at once.
◇ unless: if ～ not, 만일 ～하지 않는다면.
suppose that: 만일 ～한다면.
in case (that): 만일 ～한다면,～하는 경우를 대비하여.
: 접속사이므로 다음에 주어 + 동사의 형태가 와야한다.
* In case of (In the event of) fire, ring the alarm bell.
◇ in case of, in the event of는 조건을 나타내는 전치사구이므로 다음에 명사 또는 동명사 구문이 와야한다.

14. 목적의 부사절을 나타내는 접속사
* He works hard that ----he may pass the examination.
so that ㅣ
in order that ----------- → 목적을 나타내는 부사절
= He works hard to -------pass the examination.
so as to ㅣ
in order to --------------→ 부정사의 부사적 용법
= He works hard for the purpose of passing the exam.
with a view to --------
with the view of ㅣ
with the object of ㅣ
with the intention of -- → 전치사구
* Make a note of it that you may not forget it.
◇that ～ may not: ～하지 않도록, 부정어 not은 반드시 부정사 to 앞에.
* He works hard lest he should fail in the exam.
for fear (that)
◇ lest ～ should나 for fear (that) ～ should는 ～하지 않도록, ～하지 않기 위하여로 그 속에 부정어 not을 포함한다.

[영어 문법] - 일치와 화법(Agreement & Narration)

일치와 화법(Agreement & Narration)

1. 수의 일치
① The poet and statesman is dead.
The poet and the statesman are dead.
②부정사 + and + 부정사--------------
every + 명사 + and + every + 명사 ㅣ--- 단수동사 사용.
each each ㅣ
no no ----------
단, 동명사 + and + 동명사는 복수동사 사용.
* Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
* Every policeman and official is on the alert.
③ many a + 단수명사 + 단수동사
many + 복수명사 + 복수동사.
* Many a soldier was killed at the field.
* Many boats have been wrecked.
④ a number of + 복수명사 + 복수동사.
the number of + 복수명사 + 단수동사.
a total of + 복수명사 + 단수동사.
* The number of patients is increasing.
* A number of patients are dying.
* A total of 300 Koreans lives in this country.
△a total of ～는 ‘총계, 합계’의 뜻으로 전체의 한 단위를 나타내므로 단수동사를 쓴다.
⑤ 분수----------------
most (대부분) ㅣ
a lot, lots ㅣ of + 복수보통명사 → 복수동사
half ㅣ
the rest (나머지) ㅣ of + 단수보통명사
part ㅣ 물질,추상명사 → 단수동사
a large part ㅣ
all--------------------

* Two-thirds of my books are novels.
* Most of his books are English novels.
* Half of the passengers were injured in the accident.
* A large part of the land is barren.
⑥ either A or B : A이거나 B가 ～이다. (양자택일)
neither A nor B : A도 B도 ～이 아니다. (양자부정)
not only A but also B = B as well as A
= A뿐만 아니라 B 역시 ～이다. ( B의 수와 인칭에 맞는 동사를 쓸 것)
* Either you or Tom has made the mistake.
* Neither of the answers you gave is satisfactory to us.
* Not only you but also he is interested in music.
= He as well as you is interested in music.
⑦ 복수명의 학과명인 mathematics, politics, physics, ethics, gymnastics, phonetics 등은 모두 단수 취급하여 단수동사를 사용한다.
* Mathematics is a difficult subject.
⑧ 시간, 거리, 가격, 중량 등은 하나의 단일 개념으로 생각하면 단수동사
* There were ten people in line already when we arrived.
* Ten years is a long way to walk in a cold weather.

2. 시제의 일치 및 예외
①주절의 동사가 현재, 현재완료, 미래일땐 종속절에는 어느 시제나 사용할 수 있으나, 주절의 동사가 현재 → 과거로 바뀌면 종속절의 동사는 현재, 미래 → 과거 현재완료, 과거 → 과거완료
현재형 조동사 → 과거형 조동사로 바뀜.
* He told me that he was going to write a letter.
* I went to his house that I might see him.
* She said that she would be all right by the next week.
②시제일치의 예외.
ⓐ 불변의 진리, 속담, 현재의 습관적 동작, 성질 → 현재시제.
ⓑ 과거의 동작이 현재에 계속 → 현재시제.
ⓒ 역사적 사실 → 항상 과거시제.
ⓓthan, as 등에 이어지는 구문; 주절동사의 시제와 관련이 있음.
ⓔ종속절의 must, ought to, should, had, better 등은 그대로 사용.
ⓕ종속절의 가정법 시제는 변하지 않음.
* He said that the earth is round.
* I told him that I go to church on Sundays.
* She was not aware that those woolen clothes always shrink in the wash.
* He told us that the roads are still under repair.
* He said that he had been ill.
* He said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
* He did it far better than you will do it.

3. 화법 - 평서문의 전달.
ⓐ전달동사: say → say, say to → tell.
ⓑ인용부호안의 피전달문은 that- 절로 바꿀 것.
ⓒ피전달문의 1인칭(I, my, me)은 전달동사의 주어와 일치.
ⓓ피전달문의 2인칭(you, your)은 수화자 (say to + 사람)에 일치.
ⓔ전달동사가 과거시제이면 피전달문의 동사는 시제일치법칙에 준함.
* He said, "You are kind to my brother."
= He said that I was kind to his brother.
* He said to me "I have once seen you"
= He told me that he had once seen me.
◇부사, 지시대명사의 변화
here → there, come → go, now → before, this → that,
these → those, tomorrow → the next(following) day,
yesterday → the day before (the previous day)
last night → the night before (the previous night)
next week → the next week (the following week)

4. 의문문의 전달
ⓐ 전달동사 say는 ask 또는 inquire of.
ⓑ 의문사 when, where, why, who, what 등이 있는 의문문은
ⓒ 의문사 + 주어 + 동사의 어순 (간접의문문으로 명사절)
ⓓ 의문사가 없는 의문문은 if(whether) + 주어 + 동사 → 명사절.
* He said to me "Who is he?" = He asked me who he was.
* He said to me "Are you fond of this music?"
= He asked me if(whether) I was fond of that music.
◇예외: 간접화법에서 의문사 + 주어 + 동사의 어순이 원칙이지만 주어부분이 긴 경우는 의문사 + 주어의 어순이 된다.
◇부탁, 권유를 나타내는 의문문은 형태는 비록 의문문이나 부탁, 권유를 나타내는 명령문의 내용이므로 ask(beg) + 목적어 + to do의 형태.
* He said tome "Which is the shortest way to the station?"
= He asked me which was the shortest way to the station.
* He said to me "Could you give me a lift?"
= He asked (begged) me to give him a lift.
5. 명령문의 전달
◇전달동사 say to ⇒
ⓐ일반적 명령문; tell + 목적어 + to do.
ⓑ상관이 부하에게; order(command) + 목적어 + to do.
ⓒ의사가 환자에게 충고; advice + 목적어 + to do.
ⓓ부탁, 의뢰의 명령문,의문문; ask(beg) + 목적어 + to do.
ⓔ제안,제의; propose, suggest + that + 주어 + should to do.
* He said to me, "Open the window." = He told me to open the window.
* He said to me, "Don't come in till you are called."
= He told me not to come in till I was called.
= He forbade me to come in till I was called.
* The officer said to his men, "Stay where you are."
= The officer commanded (or order) his men to stay where they were.
* He said to me, "You had better work harder."
= He advised me to work harder.
* He said to me, "Let's go to the park."
= He suggested (or proposed) (to me) that we should go to the park.
= He proposed to go to the park.

6. 감탄문의 전달
ⓐ 전달동사 say → exclaim, shout, cry(out), remark로...
ⓑ기쁜내용, Hurrah, Bravo 등의 감탄사 → with delight, with joy, with pleasure등의 부사구를 전달동사 다음에 첨가.
ⓒ슬픈내용, Alas 등의 감탄사 - with regret, with a sigh, in sorrow 등의 부사구 사용. (감탄문을 그대로 사용하거나 very를 사용, 평서문으로 고쳐서 간접화법으로 고친 것.)
* He said "What a beautiful sight it is!"
= He exclaimed (cried out) what a beautiful sight it is!
= He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sight.
* He said, "Oh, my friend has come!"
= He cried out with joy that his friend had come.

7. 기원문의 전달
ⓐ피전달문에 God이 있을 때 → pray that God may～
ⓑ사람에 대한 소망 → express one's wish that + 주 + may～
* She said "God save my son!" = She prayed that God might save her son.
* He said to he "May you have a happy life!"
= He expressed his wish that she might have a happy life.

8. 중문과 복문의 전달
ⓐ피전달문이 and, but 으로 연결된 중문일 때 and와 but다음에 접속사 that을 쓸 것.
ⓑ피전달문이 for, because, as, since, so 등의 접속사로 연결되었을 때에는 접속사 다음에 따로 that을 쓸 필요가 없음.
ⓒ명령문 + 의문문 → tell + 목 + to do, and ask ～
* He said "The sun has set, and the stars are out."
= He said (that) the sun had set, and that the stars were out.
* He said to me "Listen! Can you hear someone talking?"
= He told me to listen, and asked if I could hear someone talking.

9. 묘출화법
◇등장인물의 생각이나 심리를 생생하게 표현)과 생략문의 간접화법.
ⓐ문장의 어순, 구둣점 - 직접화법에 준함.
ⓑ인칭과 시제 - 간접화법과 같음.
* He said to me "Will you go to the movies?" 직접화법
= He asked me if I would go to the movies. 간접화법
= He asked me would I go to the movies. 묘출화법
* He said "Yes"
= He agreed. = He answered in the affirmative. (긍정적으로)
* He said "No" = He answered in the negative. (부정적으로)
* He said "Good morning" = He wished me a good morning.

[영어 문법] - 일치와 화법(Agreement & Narration)

일치와 화법(Agreement & Narration)

1. 수의 일치
① The poet and statesman is dead.
The poet and the statesman are dead.
②부정사 + and + 부정사--------------
every + 명사 + and + every + 명사 ㅣ󰠐 단수동사 사용.
each each ㅣ
no no ----------
단, 동명사 + and + 동명사는 복수동사 사용.
* Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
* Every policeman and official is on the alert.
③ many a + 단수명사 + 단수동사
many + 복수명사 + 복수동사.
* Many a soldier was killed at the field.
* Many boats have been wrecked.
④ a number of + 복수명사 + 복수동사.
the number of + 복수명사 + 단수동사.
a total of + 복수명사 + 단수동사.
* The number of patients is increasing.
* A number of patients are dying.
* A total of 300 Koreans lives in this country.
△a total of ～는 ‘총계, 합계’의 뜻으로 전체의 한 단위를 나타내
므로 단수동사를 쓴다.
⑤ 분수󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠈
most (대부분)󰠐
a lot, lots󰠐 of + 복수보통명사 → 복수동사
half󰠐
the rest (나머지)󰠐 of + 단수보통명사
part󰠐 물질,추상명사 → 단수동사
a large part󰠐
all󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠎
* Two-thirds of my books are novels.
* Most of his books are English novels.
* Half of the passengers were injured in the accident.
* A large part of the land is barren.
⑥ either A or B : A이거나 B가 ～이다. (양자택일)
neither A nor B : A도 B도 ～이 아니다. (양자부정)
not only A but also B = B as well as A
= A뿐만 아니라 B 역시 ～이다. ( B의 수와 인칭에 맞는 동사를 쓸 것)
* Either you or Tom has made the mistake.
* Neither of the answers you gave is satisfactory to us.
* Not only you but also he is interested in music.
= He as well as you is interested in music.
⑦ 복수명의 학과명인 mathematics, politics, physics, ethics,
gymnastics, phonetics 등은 모두 단수 취급하여 단수동사를 사용한다.
* Mathematics is a difficult subject.
⑧ 시간, 거리, 가격, 중량 등은 하나의 단일 개념으로 생각하면 단수동사
* There were ten people in line already when we arrived.
* Ten years is a long way to walk in a cold weather.
2. 시제의 일치 및 예외
①주절의 동사가 현재, 현재완료, 미래일땐 종속절에는 어느 시제나 사용
할 수 있으나,
주절의 동사가 현재 → 과거로 바뀌면 종속절의 동사는
현재, 미래 → 과거
현재완료, 과거 → 과거완료
현재형 조동사 → 과거형 조동사로 바뀜.
* He told me that he was going to write a letter.
* I went to his house that I might see him.
* She said that she would be all right by the next week.
②시제일치의 예외.
ⓐ 불변의 진리, 속담, 현재의 습관적 동작, 성질 → 현재시제.
ⓑ 과거의 동작이 현재에 계속 → 현재시제.
ⓒ 역사적 사실 → 항상 과거시제.
ⓓthan, as 등에 이어지는 구문; 주절동사의 시제와 관련이 있음.
ⓔ종속절의 must, ought to, should, had, better 등은 그대로 사용.
ⓕ종속절의 가정법 시제는 변하지 않음.
* He said that the earth is round.
* I told him that I go to church on Sundays.
* She was not aware that those woolen clothes always shrink in the wash.
* He told us that the roads are still under repair.
* He said that he had been ill.
* He said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
* He did it far better than you will do it.
3. 화법 - 평서문의 전달.
ⓐ전달동사: say → say, say to → tell.
ⓑ인용부호안의 피전달문은 that- 절로 바꿀 것.
ⓒ피전달문의 1인칭(I, my, me)은 전달동사의 주어와 일치.
ⓓ피전달문의 2인칭(you, your)은 수화자 (say to + 사람)에 일치.
ⓔ전달동사가 과거시제이면 피전달문의 동사는 시제일치법칙에 준함.
* He said, "You are kind to my brother."
= He said that I was kind to his brother.
* He said to me "I have once seen you"
= He told me that he had once seen me.
◇부사, 지시대명사의 변화
here → there, come → go, now → before, this → that,
these → those, tomorrow → the next(following) day,
yesterday → the day before (the previous day)
last night → the night before (the previous night)
next week → the next week (the following week)
4. 의문문의 전달
ⓐ 전달동사 say는 ask 또는 inquire of.
ⓑ 의문사 when, where, why, who, what 등이 있는 의문문은
ⓒ 의문사 + 주어 + 동사의 어순 (간접의문문으로 명사절)
ⓓ 의문사가 없는 의문문은 if(whether) + 주어 + 동사 → 명사절.
* He said to me "Who is he?" = He asked me who he was.
* He said to me "Are you fond of this music?"
= He asked me if(whether) I was fond of that music.
◇예외: 간접화법에서 의문사 + 주어 + 동사의 어순이 원칙이지만 주어부
분이 긴 경우는 의문사 + 주어의 어순이 된다.
◇부탁, 권유를 나타내는 의문문은 형태는 비록 의문문이나 부탁, 권유를
나타내는 명령문의 내용이므로 ask(beg) + 목적어 + to do의 형태.
* He said tome "Which is the shortest way to the station?"
= He asked me which was the shortest way to the station.
* He said to me "Could you give me a lift?"
= He asked (begged) me to give him a lift.
5. 명령문의 전달
◇전달동사 say to ⇒
ⓐ일반적 명령문; tell + 목적어 + to do.
ⓑ상관이 부하에게; order(command) + 목적어 + to do.
ⓒ의사가 환자에게 충고; advice + 목적어 + to do.
ⓓ부탁, 의뢰의 명령문,의문문; ask(beg) + 목적어 + to do.
ⓔ제안,제의; propose, suggest + that + 주어 + should to do.
* He said to me, "Open the window." = He told me to open the window.
* He said to me, "Don't come in till you are called."
= He told me not to come in till I was called.
= He forbade me to come in till I was called.
* The officer said to his men, "Stay where you are."
= The officer commanded (or order) his men to stay where they were.
* He said to me, "You had better work harder."
= He advised me to work harder.
* He said to me, "Let's go to the park."
= He suggested (or proposed) (to me) that we should go to the park.
= He proposed to go to the park.
6. 감탄문의 전달
ⓐ 전달동사 say → exclaim, shout, cry(out), remark로...
ⓑ기쁜내용, Hurrah, Bravo 등의 감탄사 → with delight, with joy,
with pleasure등의 부사구를 전달동사 다음에 첨가.
ⓒ슬픈내용, Alas 등의 감탄사 - with regret, with a sigh, in sorrow 등의
부사구 사용. (감탄문을 그대로 사용하거나 very를 사용, 평서문으로
고쳐서 간접화법으로 고친 것.)
* He said "What a beautiful sight it is!"
= He exclaimed (cried out) what a beautiful sight it is!
= He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sight.
* He said, "Oh, my friend has come!"
= He cried out with joy that his friend had come.
7. 기원문의 전달
ⓐ피전달문에 God이 있을 때 → pray that God may～
ⓑ사람에 대한 소망 → express one's wish that + 주 + may～
* She said "God save my son!" = She prayed that God might save her son.
* He said to he "May you have a happy life!"
= He expressed his wish that she might have a happy life.
8. 중문과 복문의 전달
ⓐ피전달문이 and, but 으로 연결된 중문일 때 and와 but다음에 접속사 that을 쓸 것.
ⓑ피전달문이 for, because, as, since, so 등의 접속사로 연결되었을 때
에는 접속사 다음에 따로 that을 쓸 필요가 없음.
ⓒ명령문 + 의문문 → tell + 목 + to do, and ask ～
* He said "The sun has set, and the stars are out."
= He said (that) the sun had set, and that the stars were out.
* He said to me "Listen! Can you hear someone talking?"
= He told me to listen, and asked if I could hear someone talking.
9. 묘출화법
◇등장인물의 생각이나 심리를 생생하게 표현)과 생략문의 간접화법.
ⓐ문장의 어순, 구둣점 - 직접화법에 준함.
ⓑ인칭과 시제 - 간접화법과 같음.
* He said to me "Will you go to the movies?" 직접화법
= He asked me if I would go to the movies. 간접화법
= He asked me would I go to the movies. 묘출화법
* He said "Yes"
= He agreed. = He answered in the affirmative. (긍정적으로)
* He said "No" = He answered in the negative. (부정적으로)
* He said "Good morning" = He wished me a good morning.

[영어 문법] - 동명사(Gerund)

동명사(Gerund)
1. 동명사의 형태
①일음절어로 단모음 + 단자음으로 끝날 때.
* swim → swimming. run → running.
② 2음절어로서 후강세어 (자음 하나 더)
* prefer → preferring.
③ -ie + ing → -ying. lie → lying. die → dying.
④기타: 어미가 c로 끝나는 단어가 [k]로 발음될 경우→k를 쓴 뒤에 ing.
어미가 발음되지 않는 e로 끝난 단어는 e를 생략하고 ing.
* mimic → mimicking. picnic → picnicking.
smoke → smoking. decide → deciding.
◇예외: be → being. see → seeing. dye[dai] → dyeing. ; 염색하다.

2. 동명사의 기능: 동사의 성질, 명사적 역할.
①주어자리.
* Making much money is not the end aim of life.
* It is very pleasant walking in the country. (진주어)
②명사보어자리. (주어 = 명사보어)
* His hobby is collecting stamps. (동명사)
* He is collecting stamps. (현재분사)
* It is throwing your money away.
(그것은 돈을 버리는 일이다. 즉, 쓸데없는 낭비다.)
③목적어자리.
* I don't like playing baseball.
* I found it unpleasant walking in the rain.
* Thank you for your answering so promptly.
△동사 answering은 전치사 for의 목적어이며(명사적 성질), 그리고 so promptly에 의해 수식(동사적 성질)되고 있다. 또 your가 동명사앞에 있다.

3. 동명사와 현재분사의 구별
* 명사(동명사)/ + 명사
형용사(현재분사) + 명사/
* a /sleeping car = a car for sleeping. (침대차)
a sleeping /child = a child who is sleeping.
◇동명사로 쓰이면 목적이나 용도 ～하기 위하여, 현재분사는 상태나 동작으로 ～하고 있는...
◇동사원형 + ing + 명사에서 목적(～하기 위하여)으로 번역하여 문맥이 통하면 동명사이며 상태나 동작으로 통하면 현재분사이다.

4. 동명사의 의미상의 주어
* That she come here was surprising.
= For her to come here was surprising. (부정사구문)
= Her coming here was surprising. (동명사구문)
◇동명사의 의미상 주어가 명사일 땐 소유격이나 목적격 모두 가능.
의미상의 주어가 무생물이면 일방적으로 목적격. 동명사의 의미상의 주어가 일반인을 나타낼 땐 의미상의 주어를 생략.
* Studying English is no easy task. (의미상의 주어 생략 - 일반인)
* He insist that he should attend the party.
= He insist on (upon) attending the party. (his를 생략)
◇ insist는 주장하다의 뜻이므로 that～ 에서는 반드시 should + 동사원형을 쓰며 접속사 that은 생략, on이나 upon을 쓴 뒤 he는 본주어와 같으므로 attending을 씀.
◇동명사 attending의 의미상 주어가 생략되었다는 것은 본주어와 같다.
* He insist that Tom should attend the party. (복문)
= He insist on (upon) Tom('s) attending the party. (단문)
→ that 생략, on 또는 upon을 쓴 뒤 that 다음의 주어가 본주어와 다르므로 Tom을 Tom's 또는 Tom 등으로 고친 뒤 조동사 should 생략.

5. 동명사의 시제
* 형태.

* He is proud that he is a poet. (복문)
= He is proud of being a poet. (단문)
◇접속사 that을 생략하고 of를 쓸 것. that～의 주어 he는 본주어와 같으므로 생략.
◇미래동작을 의미하는 형용사, 동사, 명사 등의 다음에 오는 that절에 미래시제가 오고 본동사가 현재시제일지라도 단순동명사를 사용.
* There is no hope that of his succeeding.
→ There is no hope that he will succeed.
◇ remember, forget 등의 다음에는 완료형 동명사 대신 단순동명사를 사용할 것, remember 다음에 부정사가 오면 미래시제를 쓴다.
* I remember that I saw her.
= I remember having seen her. (×)
= I remember seeing her. (○)
* I am sure of his being a man of ability.
(나는 그가 유능한 사람임을 확신한다; 시제는 본동사와 일치)
= I am sure that he is a man of ability.
* I am sure of his having been a man of ability in his youth.
(나는 그가 젊었을 때는 유능한 사람이었다고 확신한다; 동명사의 완료형, 시제가 본동사보다 하나 앞선다.)
= I am sure that he was a man of ability in his youth.
* I don't like being asked to make a speech.
(나는 연설 부탁을 받는 것을 싫어한다; being asked는 수동태)
* I never heard of such a thing having been done.
(나는 그런 일이 이루어졌다고는 들어보지 못했다.)
= I never heard that such a thing had been done.

6. 동명사와 부정사
①동사의 특성에 따라 어떤 동사는 동명사만을 혹은 어떤 동사는 부정사만을 목적어로 취한다.
ⓐ동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사.
: mind, enjoy, give up, avoid, finish, escape, admit, consider, deny, postpone, practice 등...
△ I finished writing my composition.
ⓑ부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사.
: wish, hope, care, choose, expect, refuse, decide, mean, plan 등...
△ I hope to see you again.
②동명사와 부정사를 모두 목적어로 취하나 의미가 달라지는 동사.
ⓐ remember, forget + ～ ing: 과거의 일.
remember, forget + 부정사: 미래의 일.
* I remember to see him. (만날 것)
I remember seeing him. (만난 것)
* I forget posting the letter. (나는 편지 부쳤던 일을 잊고있다.)
Don't forget to post the letter. (편지 부칠 것을 잊지 마세요.)
ⓑ stop + 동명사 : ～하는 것을 그만두다.
stop + 부정사 : ～하기위해 가던 길을 멈추다.
* I stopped smoking.
I stopped to smoke.
ⓒ try + 동명사 : 시험삼아 ～하다.
try + 부정사 : ～하려고 시도하다.
* He tried moving the piano.(그는 시험삼아 피아노를 옮겼다; 옮김)
He tried to move the piano. (그는 피아노를 옮기려고 시도했다; 옮기지 않음)
ⓓ go on + 동명사 : 계속해서 ～하다.
go on + 부정사 : 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.
* He went on talking about his accident.
(그는 줄곳 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)
He went on to talk about his accident.
(그는 잠시 쉬었다가 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)

7. There is no + ～ ing: ～을 할 수 없다.
* There is no knowing what may happen.
= It is impossible to know what may happen.
= We cannot know what may happen.
= 무슨일이 일어날지 알 수 없다.
* There is no trusting him.
= It is impossible to trust him.
= We cannot trust him.

8. It is no use + ～ ing : ～해도 소용없다.
* It is no use(good) crying over spilt milk.
= It is - of no use -to cry over spilt milk.
- useless -
= There is no use (in) crying over spilt milk.
= What is the use (the point) of crying over spilt milk?

9. of one's own + ～ ing : 자기가 직접 ～하는
* This is a picture of my own painting.
which I have painted myself.
(which is) painted by myself. (p.p + by oneself)

10.It goes without saying that health is above wealth.
It is needless to say
It is a matter of course
It is not too much to say
= 건강이 부보다 중요하다는 것은 두말할 필요가 없다.

11. cannot help ～ing : ～하지 않을 수 없다.
cannot but + 동사원형: ～할 수 밖에 없다.
* I cannot help admiring his courage.

12. on + ～ ing, in + ～ ing
* on + ～ ing = as soon as (when) + 주어 +동사:～하자마자. ～할 때.
in + ～ ing = when + 주어 + 동사: ～할 때에는.
* As soon as he received the letter he turned pale.
= On (his) receiving the letter, he turned pale.
= He had no sooner received the letter than he turned pale.
scarcely when
hardly before
= No sooner had he received the letter, than he turned pale.
Scarcely when
Hardly before

13. cannot too: 아무리 ～해도 지나치지 않다.
* We cannot be too careful when we choose friends.
= We cannot be too careful in choosing friends.

14. What, Need + 능동동명사
* What + 능동동명사 (○)
Need 수동동명사 (×)
Require 수동부정사 (○) → ～을 필요로한다. ～을 해야한다.
* His house needs being painted. (×)
wants painting. (○)
requires to be painted. (○)

15. 동명사의 관용적 용법 Ⅰ
① be busy with + 명사.
(in) + ～ ing. : ～하는데 분주하다. 바쁘다.
* I am busy with my task.
* She was busy (in) tidying up his desk.
② feel like + ～ ing.
feel inclined + to do : ～하고 싶은 생각이 나다.
* I feel like sleeping now.
= I feel inclined to sleep now.
ware a mind to
am disposed to
③ What do you say to + ～ ing? : ～하는 게 어때?
* Let's play baseball after lunch, shall we?
= How about ---- playing baseball after lunch?
What about ---- "
= What do you say to playing baseball after lunch.
= What do you think about playing baseball after lunch.
◇ Let's로 시작되는 부가의문문은 shall we?
④ be on the point of + ～ ing: ～하려는 찰라다, 막 ～하려고 하다.
* He was on the point of being drowned.
on the verge of
on the brink of
on the edge of
= He was about to be drowned.
⑤ cannot ～ without … ing: …않고 ～하는 일을 없다.
cannot ～ but …(S+V) : …하면 반드시 ～하다.
* Whenever I met him, I think of his brother.
= I never meet him without thinking of his brother.
= I never meet him but I think of his brother.
= 그를 만날 때 마다 그의 동생이 생각나다.
⑥ be worth ～ing
= be worth while + 동명사, 부정사
= be worthy of + 동명사, 명사
= ～할만한 가치가 있다.
* This is worth while to read this book.
= It is worth while to read this book.

16. 관용적용법 Ⅱ
① make a point of + ～ ing : ～을 규칙으로 하다.
* I make a point of getting up early.
= I am in the habit of getting up early.
= It is my rule to get up early.
= I make it a rule to get up early.
② come near + ～ ing.
go near + ～ ing.
nearly escape + ～ ing. : 하마터면 ～할 뻔하다.
* He came near being drowned.
③ not A but B = instead of + ～ ing = not only A but also B
= besides + ～ ing
in addition to
* She is not shy, but unsocial.
= Instead of being shy, she is unsocial.
* He is not only brave, but also wise.
= Besides being brave he is wise.

17. To + ～ ing
① be opposed to
object to + ～ ing : ～을 반대하다.
have an objection to
* I am very much opposed to going there.
* Have you any objection to my wearing this suit?
② contribute to + ～ ing : ～에 공헌하다. 기여하다.
* He contributed to the growth of the city.
③ turn one's attention to + ～ ing (명사) : ～에 주의를 돌리다.
～에 관심을 갖다.
* He did not turn his attention to making a fortune until he was forty.
(그는 40이 되고나서야 재산 모으는데 관심을 가졌다.)
④ with a view to + ～ ing : ～하기 위하여. (for the purpose)
* I study English with a view to going abroad.
⑤ be equal to + ～ ing : ～할 능력이 있다.
* I am equal to doing the task.
⑥ revote ---- A to B(동명사)
dedicate --- : A를 B에 바치다.
* He devoted all his time to studying history.
⑦ be use to + ～ ing.
be accustomed to + 동사원형(동명사) : ～에 익숙하다.
* I am used to playing the piano.
= I am accustomed to playing (또는 play) the piano.
⑧ what do you say to + ～ ing : ～하는 게 어때?
* What do you say to playing tennis with me?
⑨ take to + ～ ing : ～에 빠지다, 정이들다.
* He took to writing after he retired from the college.
⑩ look forward to + ～ ing : ～을 기대하다, 고대하다.
* I am looking forward to seeing you again.
① fall to + ～ ing = begin to + 동사원형 : ～을 시작하다.
* They fell to discussing the serious problem.

18. 동명사 구문의 문장 전환 Ⅰ
① insist that + 주어 + 동사 = insist on + ～ ing: ～을 주장하다.
* I insisted he should be invited to the party.
= I insisted on his being invited to the party.
② decide that + 주어 + 동사 = decide on + ～ ing: ～하기로 결정하다
* My father decided that I should marry her.
= My father decided on my marrying her.
③ hear, think, complain, know, dream + that + 주어 + 동사
= hear, think, complain, know, dream + of + ～ ing
* I am glad to hear that you have succeeded.
= I am glad to hear of your having succeeded.
④ repent that + 주어 + 동사 = repent + (of) + ～ ing.
* He repent that he was idle in his youth.
= He repents (of) having been idle in his youth.
⑤ suggest, deny, regret, like + that + 주어 + 동사
= suggest, deny, regret, like + ～ ing. (타동사이므로 전치사×)
* I suggested that we should play tennis.
= I suggested our playing tennis.

19. 문장전환 Ⅱ
① be sorry that + 주어 + 동사 = be sorry for + ～ ing
:～에 대해 유감이다.(미안,감사,벌,꾸중 등을 나타낼 땐 이유전치사 for를 사용)
* I am sorry that I offended you.
= I am sorry for having offended you.
② scold, blame A for B: B 때문에 A를 꾸짖다. 나무라다.
* He scolded me that I had neglected my duty.
= He scolded me for having neglected my duty.
③ punish A for B: B 때문에 A를 벌주다.
④ be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + of + ～ ing
* I am glad that my brother passed the exam.
= I am glad of my brother having passed the exam.
⑤ be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + of + ～ ing
: ～을 확신하다.
* I am sure that he will live to eight.
= I am sure of his living to eighty.
⑥ be aware (conscious) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be aware (conscious) + of + ～ ing : ～을 알다.
* He was conscious that the matter was important.
= He was conscious of the matter being important.

20. 동격명사절의 문장전환
◇주로 동격 명사절을 이끄는 문장.
* fact(사실), doubt(의심), evidence(증거), chance(기회), report(보고), rumor(소문), proof(증거), hope(희망), news(소식), idea(생각), certainty(확실), suggestion(제안), possibility = probability = likelihood(가능성, 가망), conclusion(결론)
* The fact that he is honest is known to everybody.
= The fact of his being honest is known to everybody.
his honesty
◇동격명사절인 that～는 주어나 목적어, 보어 등이 생략되지 않은 완전한 문장.

< 풀어 볼 문제...>
①각 문장의 틀린 부분을 고쳐라.
ⓐ He insisted to go for a drive.
ⓑ The rain prevented me to go to the party.
ⓒ Are you sure of he will come?
ⓓ No one has ever succeeded to explain this phenomenon.
ⓔ Exercise strengthens instead of weakens the body.
ⓕ She came near to be drowned.
ⓖ I objected to be treated like that.
ⓗ I don't care running the risk.
ⓘ She devoted herself to look after him.
ⓙ You will have to speak a little louder. He is hard to hear.
ⓚ He is above to do such a mean thing.
ⓛ He regrets being not able to help me.
②다음 각 문항의 뜻의 차이를 말하여라.
ⓐ I hate lying.
I hate to lie.
ⓑ I like swimming.
I like to swim now.
ⓒ He is sure of success.
He is sure of to succeed.
③공란을 적당한 단어로 채워라
ⓐ This picture is ( ) her own painting.
ⓑ This book is ( ) reading intensively.
ⓒ The glass is very brittle; It wants ( ) with care.

[영어 문법] - 분사(Participle)

분사(Participle)

1. 분사의 한정용법: 명사 앞이나 뒤에서 직접 수식.
①전위수식 (앞에서 수식)
* Who is the sleeping baby?
②후위수식.
* I received a latter written in English.
= I received a latter which was written in English.

2. 서술용법
①주격보어로 쓰일 때
* He sat reading the magazine. (현재분사: 능동의 관계)
* He remained satisfied with his salary. (과거분사: 수동의 관계)
②목적격보어로 쓰일 때
* I don't like to see you disappointed.
* I saw him crossing the street. (O.C)
* Of those invited only a few came to the party.
(◇분사가 대명사를 수식할 경우 단독일지라도 뒤에 놓인다.)

3. 분사의 비교
* 자동사의 현재분사 → 진행, ～하고 있는.
자동사의 과거분사 → 완료나 상태, ～한, ～해버린.
* playing children = children who are playing.
fallen leaves = leaves which are fallen. (낙엽)
(타동사의 현재분사: 능동 또는 사역, ～시키는, ～하게하는.
타동사의 과거분사: 수동의 뜻, ～된, ～당한, ～받은.)
◇ an exciting game
= a game which excites the one. (열광적인 경기)
an excited spectator
= a spectator who is excited. (열광된 관중)

4. 분사의 기타용법
①의사분사: 명사의 어미에 -ed를 붙여서 과거분사의 형태로 ‘～을 가지고 있는’의 뜻인 형용사로 쓰임.
* a long-tailed monkey = a monkey having a long tail.
a three-legged stool = a stool having three legs.
a blue-eyed girl = a girl who has blue eyes.
② 2형식동사 + 형용사(보어) → 형용사 + 현재분사.
* The rose smells sweet → the sweet-smelling rose. (향기나는 장미)
* The wine tastes nice → the nice-tasting wine. (맛이좋은 술)
주어 + be + p.p + by + 명사 → 명사 + p.p. + 주어.
* The fruit is dried by the sun. → the sun-dried fruit.(햇빛에 말린 과일)
* Citizens are struck by terror. → terror-stricken citizens. (공포에 질린 시민)
주어 + be + 부사 + p.p. → 부사 + p.p. + 주어.
* English is widely spoken. → widely-spoken English. (널리쓰이는 영어)
* The worker is well trained. → the well-trained worker. (잘훈련된 일꾼)
주어 + 타동사 + 목적어 → 목적어 + 현재분사 + 주어.
* The drug kills pain. → the pain-killing drug. (진통제)
* The animals eat plants. → the plant-eating animals. (초식동물)
③부사로 사용되는 분사 ⇒ 매우(very)의 뜻.
* It's biting (piercing, freezing) cold. (매우춥다)
* He got soaking wet. (그는 흠뻑 젖었다.)
④ the + 분사.
* They dying and the dead were carried on stretchers.
(죽어가는 사람들과 죽은 사람들이 들 것에 실려갔다.)

5. 분사의 시제

* Living in the country I am very health.
= As I live in the country. I am very healthy.
* Living in the country, I was very healthy.
= As I lived in the country, I was very healthy.
* Having finished my work, I have nothing to do.
= As I have finished (finished) my work, I have nothing to do.
* Having written my letter, I posted it.
= After I had written my letter, I posted it.
* While bathing in the river, he was drowned.
→ 분사구문의 뜻이 이유, 조건 등 어느 것인지 혼동을 방지하기 위해 해당 접속사를 분사구문 앞에 부가할 경우가 있다. 즉, Bathing in the river를 As he bathed in the river로의 오역을 막기위해 While 을 두었다.

6. 분사구문의 종류
①시간 (～할 때)
* Walking along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
= While he walked along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
* Left alone, I began to read.
= When I was left alone, I began to read.
②이유, 원인 (～이므로)
* Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice. (부정어는 분사 앞에)
= As I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.
* Tired, I went to bed early.
= As I was tired, I went to bed early.
③조건 (～한다면)
* Turning to the right, you will find the house.
= If you turn to the right, you will find the house.
* Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.
= Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more ～
④양보 (비록 ～한다할지라도)
* Admitting what you say, I still don't believe it.
= Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it.
* Born of the same parents, they bear no resemblance to each other.
= Though they were born of the same parents, they bear ～
⑤부대상황 (동시동작: while, as; ～하면서)
* Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.
= While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.
* Walking on tiptoe, I approached the window.
= I walked on tiptoe and approached the window.
* Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.
= As we sang and danced together, we had a good time.
⑥부대상황 (연속동작: ～, and + 동사; 그리고 ～하다)
* We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at noon.
= We started in the morning arriving in Seoul at noon.

7. 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 따로 있는 경우.
①때.
* The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
= After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.
②이유.
* It being fine, we went for a walk.
= As it was fine, we went for a walk.
③조건.
* We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.
= We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.
④부대상황.
* He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.
= He was reading a book, and his wife knitting beside him.
(그는 책을 읽고 있었고, 그의 부인은 남편 옆에서 뜨게질을 하고 있었다.)
◇ Having read a book, it was thrown away. (×)
Having read a book, I was threw it away. (○)

8. Being, Having been의 생략.
: 형용사, 명사, 과거분사 앞에 쓰인 being 또는 having been은 생략가능.
분사구문의 시제가 본동사 시제와 같을 때 being이 본동사 시제보다 하나 더 과거시제일 땐 having been 생략.
* (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
= As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.
* Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.
= When dinner was over, he went out for a walk.
* (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
= If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.

9. 분사의 강조용법
* As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
= Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
◇분사에 사용된 동사가 live, stand, write와 같이 일반동사일 땐 do를 사용, be 동사일 땐 be를 사용한다.
◇ being + 과거분사구문 강조 → as + 주어 + be 동사.
◇ ～ing as it does 형.
* Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.
(저렇게 언덕 위에 서 있으므로, 그 별장은 전망이 좋다.)
(as; 양태접속사, it; the villa, does; stands의 대동사)
* I feel it as a rare occasion, occurring as it does only once in many years.
(몇 년 만에 한 번밖에 일어나지 않는 드문 일이라고 나는 생각한다.)
(occurring의 의미상의 주어는 occasion이다.)

10. 비인칭 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 we, you, they, people, one 등과 같이 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 땐 생략.
* Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources.
= If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.
* Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.
= If we speak strictly, he is not an artist.

11. with + 목적어 + 분사 (부대상황) ⇒ 생생한 묘사적 효과.
① with + 목적어 + 현재분사. (목적어의 능동적 행동)
* He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, the cat dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, with the cat dozing at his feet.
* It was a mistry morning, with little wind blowing.
= It was a mistry morning and little wind was blowing.
(바람이 거의 불지 않는 안개 낀 아침 이었다.)
→ 여기에서 with를 뺀다면 little wind blowing은 독립분사구문이다.
② with + 목적어 + 과거분사. (목적어의 수동적 행동)
* He stood there, and he closed his eyes.
= He stood there, closing his eyes.
= He stood there, and his eyes were closed by him.
= He stood there, his eyes (being) closed (by him).
= He stood there, with his eyes closed. (with 분사구문)
* With an eye bandaged, I could not write properly.
(한 눈을 붕대 감고 있었으므로 나는 글을 잘 쓸 수 없었다.)
③ with + 목적어 + 부사(구)
* I shall be lonely with you away. (당신이 멀리 떠나버린다면)
* with his feet on the pillow. (두 다리를 베게 위에 올려 놓은 채)
with his head against a cushion. (머리를 방석 위에 기댄 채)
④ with + 목적어 + 형용사.
* Don't speak with your mouth full. (입에 음식을 가득 넣은 채)

12. 문두에 나오는 주격보어
(Being을 보충하면 이유를 나타내는 분사구문이 된다.)
* Impatient of the heat, he left town for the country.
= Being impatient of ～
(더위를 참을 수 없어서, 그는 도시를 떠나 시골로 내려갔다.)
* A man of social instincts, he had many acquaintances.
= Being a man of ～
(사교성이 풍부한 사람이었으므로, 그는 아는 사람이 많았다.)

[영어 문법] - 분사(Participle)

분사(Participle)

1. 분사의 한정용법: 명사 앞이나 뒤에서 직접 수식.
①전위수식 (앞에서 수식)
* Who is the sleeping baby?
②후위수식.
* I received a latter written in English.
= I received a latter which was written in English.

2. 서술용법
①주격보어로 쓰일 때
* He sat reading the magazine. (현재분사: 능동의 관계)
* He remained satisfied with his salary. (과거분사: 수동의 관계)
②목적격보어로 쓰일 때
* I don't like to see you disappointed.
* I saw him crossing the street. (O.C)
* Of those invited only a few came to the party.
(◇분사가 대명사를 수식할 경우 단독일지라도 뒤에 놓인다.)

3. 분사의 비교
* 자동사의 현재분사 → 진행, ～하고 있는.
자동사의 과거분사 → 완료나 상태, ～한, ～해버린.
* playing children = children who are playing.
fallen leaves = leaves which are fallen. (낙엽)
(타동사의 현재분사: 능동 또는 사역, ～시키는, ～하게하는.
타동사의 과거분사: 수동의 뜻, ～된, ～당한, ～받은.)
◇ an exciting game
= a game which excites the one. (열광적인 경기)
an excited spectator
= a spectator who is excited. (열광된 관중)

4. 분사의 기타용법
①의사분사: 명사의 어미에 -ed를 붙여서 과거분사의 형태로 ‘～을 가지고 있는’의 뜻인 형용사로 쓰임.
* a long-tailed monkey = a monkey having a long tail.
a three-legged stool = a stool having three legs.
a blue-eyed girl = a girl who has blue eyes.
② 2형식동사 + 형용사(보어) → 형용사 + 현재분사.
* The rose smells sweet → the sweet-smelling rose. (향기나는 장미)
* The wine tastes nice → the nice-tasting wine. (맛이좋은 술)
주어 + be + p.p + by + 명사 → 명사 + p.p. + 주어.
* The fruit is dried by the sun. → the sun-dried fruit.(햇빛에 말린 과일)
* Citizens are struck by terror. → terror-stricken citizens. (공포에 질린 시민)
주어 + be + 부사 + p.p. → 부사 + p.p. + 주어.
* English is widely spoken. → widely-spoken English. (널리쓰이는 영어)
* The worker is well trained. → the well-trained worker. (잘훈련된 일꾼)
주어 + 타동사 + 목적어 → 목적어 + 현재분사 + 주어.
* The drug kills pain. → the pain-killing drug. (진통제)
* The animals eat plants. → the plant-eating animals. (초식동물)
③부사로 사용되는 분사 ⇒ 매우(very)의 뜻.
* It's biting (piercing, freezing) cold. (매우춥다)
* He got soaking wet. (그는 흠뻑 젖었다.)
④ the + 분사.
* They dying and the dead were carried on stretchers.
(죽어가는 사람들과 죽은 사람들이 들 것에 실려갔다.)

5. 분사의 시제
󰠆󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠇󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠇󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠈
󰠐 ＼󰠐 단순형분사(수동형)󰠐 완료형분사(완료형 수동분사)󰠐
󰠉󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠊󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠊󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠋
󰠐 go󰠐 going (無)󰠐 having gone (無; 자동사이므로)󰠐
󰠉󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠊󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠊󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠋
󰠐 make󰠐 making (being made)󰠐 having made (having been made)󰠐
󰠉󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠊󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠊󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠋
󰠐 write󰠐 writing (being written)󰠐 having written (having been written)󰠐
󰠉󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠊󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠊󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠋
󰠐󰠐 주절 동사의 시제와 같음󰠐 주절동사의 시제보다 하나 더 과거시제󰠐
󰠌󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠍󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠍󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠎
* Living in the country I am very health.
= As I live in the country. I am very healthy.
* Living in the country, I was very healthy.
= As I lived in the country, I was very healthy.
* Having finished my work, I have nothing to do.
= As I have finished (finished) my work, I have nothing to do.
* Having written my letter, I posted it.
= After I had written my letter, I posted it.
* While bathing in the river, he was drowned.
→ 분사구문의 뜻이 이유, 조건 등 어느 것인지 혼동을 방지하기 위해
해당 접속사를 분사구문 앞에 부가할 경우가 있다. 즉, Bathing in
the river를 As he bathed in the river로의 오역을 막기위해 While
을 두었다.
6. 분사구문의 종류
①시간 (～할 때)
* Walking along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
= While he walked along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
* Left alone, I began to read.
= When I was left alone, I began to read.
②이유, 원인 (～이므로)
* Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice. (부정어는 분사 앞에)
= As I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.
* Tired, I went to bed early.
= As I was tired, I went to bed early.
③조건 (～한다면)
* Turning to the right, you will find the house.
= If you turn to the right, you will find the house.
* Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.
= Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more ～
④양보 (비록 ～한다할지라도)
* Admitting what you say, I still don't believe it.
= Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it.
* Born of the same parents, they bear no resemblance to each other.
= Though they were born of the same parents, they bear ～
⑤부대상황 (동시동작: while, as; ～하면서)
* Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.
= While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.
* Walking on tiptoe, I approached the window.
= I walked on tiptoe and approached the window.
* Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.
= As we sang and danced together, we had a good time.
⑥부대상황 (연속동작: ～, and + 동사; 그리고 ～하다)
* We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at noon.
= We started in the morning arriving in Seoul at noon.
7. 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 따로 있는 경우.
①때.
* The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
= After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.
②이유.
* It being fine, we went for a walk.
= As it was fine, we went for a walk.
③조건.
* We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.
= We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.
④부대상황.
* He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.
= He was reading a book, and his wife knitting beside him.
(그는 책을 읽고 있었고, 그의 부인은 남편 옆에서 뜨게질을 하고 있었다.)
◇ Having read a book, it was thrown away. (×)
Having read a book, I was threw it away. (○)
8. Being, Having been의 생략.
: 형용사, 명사, 과거분사 앞에 쓰인 being 또는 having been은 생략가능.
분사구문의 시제가 본동사 시제와 같을 때 being이 본동사 시제보다
하나 더 과거시제일 땐 having been 생략.
* (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
= As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.
* Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.
= When dinner was over, he went out for a walk.
* (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
= If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
9. 분사의 강조용법
* As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
= Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
◇분사에 사용된 동사가 live, stand, write와 같이 일반동사일 땐 do
를 사용, be 동사일 땐 be를 사용한다.
◇ being + 과거분사구문 강조 → as + 주어 + be 동사.
◇ ～ing as it does 형.
* Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.
(저렇게 언덕 위에 서 있으므로, 그 별장은 전망이 좋다.)
(as; 양태접속사, it; the villa, does; stands의 대동사)
* I feel it as a rare occasion, occurring as it does only once in many years.
(몇 년 만에 한 번밖에 일어나지 않는 드문 일이라고 나는 생각한다.)
(occurring의 의미상의 주어는 occasion이다.)
10. 비인칭 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 we, you, they,
people, one 등과 같이 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 땐 생략.
* Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources.
= If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.
* Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.
= If we speak strictly, he is not an artist.
11. with + 목적어 + 분사 (부대상황) ⇒ 생생한 묘사적 효과.
① with + 목적어 + 현재분사. (목적어의 능동적 행동)
* He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, the cat dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, with the cat dozing at his feet.
* It was a mistry morning, with little wind blowing.
= It was a mistry morning and little wind was blowing.
(바람이 거의 불지 않는 안개 낀 아침 이었다.)
→ 여기에서 with를 뺀다면 little wind blowing은 독립분사구문이다.
② with + 목적어 + 과거분사. (목적어의 수동적 행동)
* He stood there, and he closed his eyes.
= He stood there, closing his eyes.
= He stood there, and his eyes were closed by him.
= He stood there, his eyes (being) closed (by him).
= He stood there, with his eyes closed. (with 분사구문)
* With an eye bandaged, I could not write properly.
(한 눈을 붕대 감고 있었으므로 나는 글을 잘 쓸 수 없었다.)
③ with + 목적어 + 부사(구)
* I shall be lonely with you away. (당신이 멀리 떠나버린다면)
* with his feet on the pillow. (두 다리를 베게 위에 올려 놓은 채)
with his head against a cushion. (머리를 방석 위에 기댄 채)
④ with + 목적어 + 형용사.
* Don't speak with your mouth full. (입에 음식을 가득 넣은 채)
12. 문두에 나오는 주격보어
(Being을 보충하면 이유를 나타내는 분사구문이 된다.)
* Impatient of the heat, he left town for the country.
= Being impatient of ～
(더위를 참을 수 없어서, 그는 도시를 떠나 시골로 내려갔다.)
* A man of social instincts, he had many acquaintances.
= Being a man of ～
(사교성이 풍부한 사람이었으므로, 그는 아는 사람이 많았다.)

[영어 문법] - 부정사 (Infinitive)

부정사 (Infinitive)

1. 명사적 용법 : to+R이 문장 안에서 주어, 목적어, 명사보어, 동격으로 쓰임.
①주어로 쓰이는 경우 : To learn English is very easy.
= It is very easy to learn English.
②목적어로 쓰이는 경우 : I want to read this book
◇의문사 + to 부정사가 명사구의 역할.- 동사의 목적어.
* I don't know what to do.
where to go.
when to do it.
whom to go with...............
③명사보어로 쓰이는 경우 : * To see is to believe
④동격으로 쓰이는 경우 : * He has one aim, to make money.

2. 형용사적 용법 : To + R 이 문장 안에서 명사를 수식(한정적 용법)하거나 서술(서술적 용법,be to 용법)함
①한정적 용법 : 명사 뒤에서 수식.
* I have no friend to help me.
◇전치사 + 관계 대명사 + to 부정사가 명사를 수식.
* I have no house in which to live.
= I have no house to live in.
* I have got letters to write.( 써야 할 편지 )
* I want something to write on. ( 쓸 것-종이 등-)
* I want something to write with. ( 쓸 도구-펜 등-)

②서술적 용법 : be + to 부정사가 같은 형태로 쓰이나 문장 안에서 주격 보어(형용사 보어)로 쓰이며 각기 뜻을 달리하여 사용 되며 예정, 의무, 가능, 의도, 운명 등을 나타냄.
* 예정 : We are to meet at the post office.
* 의무 : You are to finish it by six.
* 가능 : No one was to be seen on the street.
(주로 수동태, 부정문, 의문문에서 사용 됨)
* 의도 : If you are to succeed, you must work hard.
(If절 안에서의 to be는 주로 intend to의 뜻으로 쓰임)
* 운명 : He was never to see his home again.

3. 부사적 용법 : to + 동사 원형이 문장 안에서 부사적 기능을 하며 목적,
결과, 원인, 조건, 양보, 이유.판단의 근거, 정도 등을 나타냄.
①목적
* He works hard that He may pass the examination.
so that can
in order that will
= he works hard to pass the examination.
so as to
in order to
= He works hard for the purpose of passing the exam.
with the view of
with a view to
with the intention of
with the object of
(전치사구～하기 위하여)
◇전치사 다음은 항시 명사나 동명사가 온다. (전치사 다음은 전치사의 목적어가 와야하며 목적어는 명사나 동명사만이 가능하기 때문이다.)
◇ 복문을 단문으로 고치는 방법 :
ⓐ접속사 that의 생략.
ⓑ주절의 주어와 종속절의 주어가 같으면 생략.
ⓒ조동사 생략.
ⓓto를 사용하여 부정사 구문으로 고침.
* She kept quiet so that she might not disturb her father.
= She kept quiet so as not to disturb her father.
(부정사의 부정은 부정어를 to 앞에 둔다)
= She kept quiet lest she should disturb her father.
(lest ～ should 구문, lest 다음은 절의 형태를 취함)
= She kept quiet for fear of disturbing her father.
(for fear of ～ing, of가 전치사. for fear (that)의 형태는 절을 취함)
②결과:주로 무의지 동사인 awake, live, grow up 다음은 결과를 나타냄
* He awoke to find himself famous.
* He tried to rise, but it was useless.
= He tried to rise only to fail.
= He tried in vain(vainly) to rise.
◇ so that ～, 과 so ～ that.
ⓐ so that～: 목적, 결과(therefor, and so), 조건(if only, so long as)
㉠목적
* He got up early so that he might be in time for the train.
= He got up early so as to be in time for the train.
㉡결과
* A great storm arose, so that the ship were wrecked.
㉢조건
* Any book will do, so that it is interesting.
ⓑ so ～ that (so that 이하가 결과 부사절)
* He got up so early that he was in time for the train.
= He got up so early as to be in time for the train.
③원인 : 감정을 나타내는 동사나 형용사 다음의 부정사는 원인을 나타냄.
감정 동사 : smile, weep, grieve.
감정 형용사: glad, happy, sorry, delighted, pleased, surprised.
* I was surprised to find her gone.
= To my surprised, I found her gone.
◇ to one's + 추상 명사 (결과를 나타냄, ～하게도)
④조건
* I should be glad to go with you.
= I should be very glad if I could go with you.
* I should be very happy to be of any service to you.
= I should be very glad if I could be of any service to you.
⑤양보
* To do his best, he could not succeed in it.
= Though he did his best, he could not succeed in it.
⑥이유, 판단의 근거
* must be
cannot be + to 부정사
감탄문
* He must be honest to say so.
* How foolish I was to trust him.
⑦정도
◇타동사나 전치사의 목적어는 본주어로 고칠 수 있다.
* It is not good to drink this water.
= This water is not good to drink (vt.의 목적어)
* It seems to be comfortable to sleep in this bed.
= This bed seems to be comfortable to sleep in (pre.의 목적어)
⑧독립 부정사 : 문장 전체를 수식하므로 부사적 용법에 해당
* To tell the truth, I don't like your sister
(To do him justice, so to speak, to begin with, strange to say,
To make a long story short, To be sure, not to speak of,
To make matters worse)

4. 부정사의 시제
① 형태
◇단순 부정사 : to + 동사 원형 (본동사의 시제와 일치)
완료 부정사 : to + have + p.p (본동사보다 하나 더 과거)
* He seems to be ill.
= He seems that he is ill.
* He seems to have been ill.
= He seems that he was(has been) ill.
② * It seems that + s + v --> s + seems + to 부정사.
appears appears
* It happens that + s+ v --> s + happens + to 부정사.
chances chances
* It seems that he studied hard.
= He seems to study hard.
* It appears that he was rich.
= He appears to have been rich.
* It happened that we were on the same bus.
= We happened to be on the same bus.

5. 부정사의 미래 표시
(미래 동사 + to 부정사 : 부정사의 시제가 본동사보다 하나 더 미래)
미래 동사: want, intend, expect, wish, hope, be likely, be sure.
* I hope to see him
= I hope that I shall see him.
* I hoped to see him.
= I hoped that I shall see him.
* It is likely that he will win.
= He is likely to win.
( It is likely that ～ , 사람 주어 + be likely to～)

6. 과거에 이루지 못한 소망
◇형식 : s + had + 미래 동사의 p.p + that ～
had + 미래 동사의 p.p + 단순 부정사
미래 동사의 과거형 + 완료 부정사.
* I hoped to see her yesterday.
= I hoped that I should see her yesterday.
(그녀를 만나기를 희망 했음.만났는지 만나지 못했는지는 표현되지 않음)
* I had hoped that I would see her yesterday.
= I had hoped to see her yesterday.
= I hoped to have seen her yesterday.
= I had to see her yesterday, but I couldn't.
(그녀를 만나기를 희망 했으나 만나지를 못함)
7. 의미상의 주어
◇부정사의 의미상의 주어는 원칙적으로 for + 목적격을 씀.
* I think it difficult that he should solve the problem.
= I think it difficult for him to solve the problem.
◇부정사가 사람의 성질이나 특징을 나타내는 형용사 (good, fine, bad, kind, unkind, wise, clever, stupid, foolish, silly, polite, thoughtful, considerate, cruel, rude, careful, generous.....) 다음에 올 때는 of + 목적격을 쓴다.
* It is very kind of you to say so.
= You are very kind to say so.
= How kind (it is) of you to say so.
◇ of + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본주어로 고칠 수가 있다.
for + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본주어로 고칠 수가 없다.
(단, for + 목적격일지라도 타동사나 전치사의 목적어는 본주어로 고칠 수가 있다)
◇의미상의 주어가 본주어와 같을 땐 생략한다.
　* I expect to succeed.
= I expect that I shall succeed.
◇의미상의 주어가 문장 전체의 목적어와 일치 할 땐 전치사를 생략한다.
* I expect (for) him to succeed.
= I expect that he will succeed.
8. 사람을 주어로 할 수 없는 형용사.
: convenient, necessary, difficult, important, impossible,
possible, pleasant, easy, dangerous 등의 형용사와 a pity와 같은 명사는 원칙적으로 사람을 주어로 할 수가 없다. 그러나 사람 주어가 부정사의 타동사나 전치사의 목적어에서 온 경우엔 가능하다.
* It is easy for Tom to master English.
= English is easy for Tom to master. (○) → 타동사의 목적어
= Tom is easy to master English. (×) → 목적격
* It is cruel of him to beat the dog like that.
= He is cruel to beat the dog like that.(of + 목적격에서는 가능)
* It is possible for me to solve the problem.
= I am possible to solve the problem. (×)
* It is dangerous for her to bathe in this river.
= This river is dangerous for her to bathe in. (○) → 전치사의목적어
= She is dangerous to bathe in this river. (×)
* It is difficult to please him.
= He is difficult to please.
◇ difficult는 사람을 주어로 할 수 없으나 him이 타동사의 목적어이므로 가능
◇ unable, incapable, be sorry 등은 It을 주어로 할 수 없다.
* It is sorry for me to hear of your father's death.(×)
= I am sorry to hear of your father's death. (○)
9. 부정사의 의미.
:부정사는 동명사에 비해 “미래적”, “ 구체적“, ”가상적“인 성질을 갖는다.
①미래적 성질.
* Mary remembers to go. (In:미래성-->갈 것)
* Mary remembers going. (G:과거성-->간 것)
②구체적 성질.
* To swim is better exercise than to row for older people.
(수영에 대한 구체성, 운동 효과 등등...)
* Swimming is better than exercise rowing for older people.
(수영에 대한 일반적인 견해)
③가상적 성질.
* John likes Mary to stay at home.
(Mary가 집에 있다는 사실 여부는 표현되지 않음)
* John likes Mary staying at home.
(Mary가 집에 있음)
◇이러한 의미적 성질을 중심으로 부정사나 동명사만을 목적어로 취할 수 밖에 없는 동사들이 있다.
◇주로 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사
: want, wish, hope, expect, choose, decide, determine,
refuse, pretend, manage, offer, agree, promise.........
◇주로 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사
: admit, consider, give up, deny, finish, mind, stop, quit, escape, postpone, practice, enjoy, avoid, put off.........
　 * He decided to leave school.
→ He decided leaving school. (×)
→ He decided on leaving school. (○)
* He gave up drinking and smoking.
◇부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 취하는 동사.
ⓐ like, hate, love, dread, intend,
+ 부정사 : 사실성의 언급이 없음.(I like her to sing)
동명사 : 사실성이 표현됨. ( I like her singing )
ⓑ forget, remember, regret, report, recall, anticipate, acknowledge, emphasize, announce, suspect, admit....
+ 부정사: 미래성 (I remember to post the letter),부칠 것.
+ 동명사: 과거성 (I remember posting the letter),부친 것.
ⓒ stop + 부정사 : 부정사의 부사적 용법.(I stoped to smoke)
+ 동명사 : stop의 목적어. (I stoped smoking)
ⓓ try + 부정사 : 노력하다. (Mary tries to write a book)
동명사 : 시험삼아해보다 (Mary tries writing a book)
ⓔ go on + 부정사: 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.
동명사: 계속해서 --하다.
* He went on to talk about his accident.
* He went on talking about his accident.
10. 원형 부정사 : 지각 동사나 사역 동사 다음엔 to가 생략되고 동사 원형만이 오는데 이를 원형 부정사라 한다.
① 지각 동사 또는 사역 동사 + 목적어 + 원형 부정사.
* 지각 동사 : see, behold, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice, look at, listen to..........
* 사역 동사 : make, let, have, bid, help(to도 가능)
* I saw him enter the room.
* I made him write a letter of apology.
= He was made to write a letter of apology by him.
(능동태에서의 원형부정사가 수동태로 고쳐지면 다시 to가 되살아난다)
* He let Betty use his dictionary.
= Betty was allowed to use his dictionary by him.
② get, allow, order, cause, compel, force, oblige + 목적어 + to부정사
◇ 열거한 동사는 사역의 의미는 갖고 있지만 사역 동사는 아니다)
* The rain made the river rise.
= The rain caused the river to rise.
③관용어귀 다음의 원형 부정사.
* had better(best) + 동사 원형 (부정: had better not)
* cannot but + 동사원형 (cannot help ～ ing)
* do nothing but + 동사원형.
* would rather
would sooner A than B (A,B가 동사원형)
had rather
* You had better stay in bed. = It would be better for you to stay in bed.

11. 부정사의 부정 : 부정어를 to 앞에 놓는다.
* He did not try to smile. (try를 부정)
* He tried not to smile. (to smile을 부정)

12. 대부정사 : 부정사의 반복을 피하기 위하여 to만을 씀.
* You may go if you want to. (go; 생략)

13. 분리 부정사 : 부사가 부정사를 수식한다는 것을 분명히 하기 위해
to + 동사원형이 부사에 의해 분리되는 것.
* He entirely failed to understand it. (entirely가 failed를 수식, 완전부정)
He failed to entirely understand it. (entirely가 understand를 수식하는 분리 부정사, 부분부정)

14. 감탄문을 만드는 부정사.
* To think that such a little boy should have done it.

15. 부정사의 태 : 능동형으로 수동의 의미를 나타내는 것.
* You are to blame
= You are to be blamed.
* To teach is to be taught.

16. 관련구문
① so～ that … , such ～ that ….
so + a/ad + that + s + v
such + n + that + s + v
* As the book is very small, I can put it in my pocket.
= The book is so small that I put it in my pocket.
= The book is small enough for me to put in my pocket.
* It was such a lovely day that he went out.
= It was so lovely a day that he went out.
◇복문 ⇒ 단문
ⓐ a/ad + enough의 형태로
ⓑ 접속사 that 생략.
ⓒ that 이하의 절이 본주어와 같을 때는 생략, 다를 땐 for + 목적격
ⓓ 타동사의 목적어가 본주어와 같을 땐 생략, 다를 땐 써줌.
② so ～ that … not
so + a/ad + that … not
too + a/ad + for + 목적격 + to 부정사
* This stone is too heavy for me to lift.
= This stone is so heavy that I can not lift it.
③ Too의 특수 용법
◇ not too ～ to = not so that ～ not
* He is not too old to do the task.
= He is not so old that he can not do the task.
= However old he may be, he can do the task.
= He is not so old but he can do the task.
◇ too ～ not to ＝ so ～ that cannot but …
* The statesman is too great not to be respected.(by us)
= The statesman is so great that he cannot but be respected.(by us)
= The statesman is so great that we cannot but respect him.
(cannot but = can의 의미)
④기타
* ,too (I have much money.
I have much money, too.= So do I )
too = very, only too = very,
too liable to ～ , too ready to ～
(걸핏하면 ～ 하다, ～하기 일쑤다)
* I am only too good to help you.
* He is too liable (ready, apt) to despise the poor.
⑤ too ～ to, enough ～ to.
* This stone is too heavy for me to lift.
= This stone is so heavy that I cannot lift it.
* This book is easy enough for me to read.
= This book is so easy that I can read it.

[영어 문법] - 법 (Mood)

법 (Mood)
1. 법의 종류
◇말하는 사람의 심리 태도에 의한 동사의 표현 형식을 법이라 하며, 직설법, 명령법, 가정법이 있다.
* I am thirsty. (직설법)
* Give me something to drink. (명령법)
* I wish I had something to drink. (가정법)
2. 법의 형식과 용법
①명령법은 동사의 원형을 사용한다. 명령은 상대방에게 하므로 주어 You를 생략하는 것이 보통이지만, 특히 상대방의 주의를 끌려고 할 때는 사용한다.
* You read the first paragraph, John.
* And mind you don't forget to post the letter.
②명령법은 접속사 and, or와 관련하여 조건을 나타낸다.
ⓐ명령법 + and
Hurry up, and you will be in time.
= If you hurry up, you will be in time.
ⓑ명령법 + or
Hurry up, or you will be late.
= If you do not hurry up, you will be late.
= Unless you hurry up, you will be late.
③ Let him go there.
Let each man do his best.
◇명령법에는 let를 사용하는 형식이 있다. 1인칭, 3인칭에 관하여든지 혹은 권유를 하는 형식이다.
△Let us ～. 의 형식에는 다음과 같은 구별이 있다.
Let us go. (갑시다) … 권유 [lets]
Let us go. (저희들을 보내 주시오) … 허가 [l/et əs]
△Let에는 3인칭에 대한 명령을 나타내는 주의할 용법이 있다.
Let each man do his best.
= Each man should do his best. (각자 자기의 최선을 다하라.)

2. 가정법 현재
* If + 주어 + 동사원형, 주어 + will. can + 동사원형
조건절(종속절) shall. may
주절(귀결절)
* If it rain (rains) tomorrow, I will not go.
* If he is honest, I will employ him. (조건절)
* If he is honest, I will not employ him. (양보절, ～할지라도)

3. 가정법 미래
* If + 주어 + should (주어의 무의지) + 동사원형, ｢→ 조건절(종속절)｣
would (주어의 의지)
+ 주어 + will(would), can(could) + 동사원형. ｢→ 주절(귀결절)｣
shall(should), may(might)
* If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not come.
◇ 가정법 미래는 미래에 대한 강한 의심, 의혹을 나타냄.
조건절에 should + 동사원형을 사용. ⇒ 미래에 대한 강한 의심.
would + 동사원형 ⇒ 주어의 의지.
* If you should meet him, tell him to write to me.
= Should you meet him, tell him to write to me.
◇ 조동사 + should 문두로 도치: If를 생략시.
* If + 주어 + were to～, 주어 + would, should + 동사원형.
could, might
* If the sun were to collide with the moon, what would become of the earth?
◇ 가정법 미래의 조건절에 were to～를 사용하면 전혀 불가능한 일 또는 미래의 의혹 등을 나타내며 주절에는 would, should 등만 가능. will, shall 등은 사용할 수가 없음.

4. 가정법 과거
* If + S + Root, were, S + would, should + Root
had, did, could,
* As I am ill, I cannot go there. (직설법 현재)
= If I were not ill, I could go there. (가정법 과거)
= Were I not ill, I could go there. (if 생략)
= But for my illness, I could go there.
Without
= If it were not for my illness, I could go there.
◇ But for, Without은 전치사구로서 “～이 없다면”의 뜻. 다음에는 반드시 명사나 동명사형을 사용해야한다.
가정법 과거에서 If it were not for～ (만일 ～이 없다면)로 고칠 수 있음.
◇ It is (high) time (that) + S + 과거동사 ⇒ 긴급사항, 당연, 필요, 재촉.
* It is time (that) you went to bed.
= It is time (that) you should go to bed.
= It is time for you to go go bed.
* If I were a bird, I would fly to you. (가정법 과거)
= As I am not a bird, I do not fly to you. (직설법 현재)
5. 가정법 과거완료
* If + S + had + p.p., S + would, should + have + p.p.
could, might
* As you helped me, I did not fail. (직설법 과거)
= If you had not helped me, I would have fail. (가정법 과거완료)
= Had you not helped me, I would have failed. (If 생략시)
= But for (Without) your help, I would have failed.
= If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.
= Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.
◇ 과거사실의 정반대를 가정할 땐 가정법 과거완료 형식인 If + 주 + had + p.p,

주 + would(should...) + have + p.p
◇ but for, without가 가정법 과거에서 쓰이면 if it were not for(만일 ～이 없다면)로 고쳐지며 가정법 과거완료에서 쓰이면 if it had not been for(만일 ～이 없었더라면)로 고쳐짐.
◇ 조건절에서 접속사 if가 생략되면 be동사와 조동사는 바로 주어 앞으로 도치되며 일반동사는 조동사 did가 문두로 도치됨.
6. But for, Without
→ 가정법 과거 ----------- if it were not for
----------- were it not for
가정법 과거완료 ---------- if it had not been for
--------- had it not been for
* But for the heat of the sun, nothing could live.
(태양열이 없으면 아무도 살 수 없을 것이다.)
* Without your timely advice, he would have been ruined.
(당신의 시기적절한 충고가 없었더라면, 그는 파멸했을 것이다.)
* But for, Without의 뜻은 주절에 의하여 결정된다.
◇But for his help, I couldn't succeed. (가정법 과거)
But for his help, I couldn't have succeeded. (가정법 과거완료)
* but for와 비슷한 것으로 but that이 있는데, 그 다음에는 절이 오며, 또 직설법이 온다.
but that = unless
△But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.
7. I wish + 가정법
◇ I wish + 주어 + 복수 과거동사 : 가정법 과거 (현재사실의 반대)
* I wish ----------- I were a bird. (가정법 과거)
would that ㅣ
would to God -- : 현재 실현할 수 없는 일에 대한 소망
If only
= I am sorry-------I am not a bird. (직설법 현재)
It is a pity ㅣ
I regret --------
◇ I wish + 주 + had + p.p : 가정법 과거완료 (과거에 실현하지 못한 소망)
* I wish ----------

Would that ㅣ
If only ㅣ I had learned English. (가정법 과거완료)
O that ----------

= I am sorry------ I didn't learn English. (직설법 과거)
It is a pity ㅣ
I regret -------
= I should ------ have learned English. : ～했어야 했는데
ought to--------
8. as if + 가정법
◇ as if ------- + 주 + 복수 과거동사
as though ---- = 가정법 과거 : 마치 ～인 것 처럼
* He talks as if he knew everything.
= In fact he doesn't know everything.
* He talked as if he knew everything.
= In fact he did not know everything.
◇ as if -------- + 주 + had + p.p
as though ----- = 가정법 과거완료 : 마치 ～였던 것 처럼
* He looks as if he had been ill.
= In fact he has not been ill.
* He looked as if he had been ill.
= In fact he had not been ill.
◇ 주절동사가 현재시제이면 as if～는 과거 또는 현재완료를, 과거시제이면 과거완료시제를 각각 표시함.

9. 혼합 가정법
* As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now.
= If I had taken your advice then, I would be happier now.
◇ 직설법 : as～는 과거, 주절은 현재이면
가정법 : as절은 가정법 과거완료(had + p.p)로, 주절은 가정법 과거(would + 원형)로

10. 조건 접속사 . 구
◇ unless = if ～ not : ～하지 않는다면
in case (that) + 주 + 동-------～할 경우에는
in case of + 명 ㅣ 만일 ～한다면
in the event of + 명----------
in case ～ should : ～의 경우를 대비해서, ～하면 안되니까
* A tiger cannot be tamed, unless it is caught young.
= A tiger cannot be tamed, if it is not caught young.
* In case of trouble, call for any help.
* Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
◇ provided (that): ～하기만 한다면

providing (that): ～하기만 한다면

on condition that: ～하기만 한다면
so long as : ～하기만 한다면

if only: ～하기만 한다면

suppose (that) = supposing (that) : ～한다면 (if)
granted (that)----------설령 ～한다 할지라도
granting (that)---------(even if : 양보를 나타냄)

11. 조건절 상당어구 (전치사)
* With guns, we could defeat the enemy.
= If we had guns, we could defeat the enemy.

12. 조건절 상당어구 (구)
* I would not do such a thing in your place.
= I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.

13. 조건절 상당어구 (단어)
* A Korean would not do such a thing.
= If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.

14. 조건절 상당어구 (접속사)
◇ I am engaged now, or------ → if I were not engaged now,
or else ㅣ : 가 . 과 → 그렇지 않다면
otherwise------------------- : 가 . 과 . 완 → 그렇지 않았더라면
I would accept your invitation.
◇ but that ------------------ 주 + 현재동사 : ～이 없다면
expect that ㅣ주 + 과거동사 : ～이 없었더라면
but what -----------------
* As I am poor, I can not go abroad.
= If I were not poor, I could go abroad.
= Were I not poor, I could go abroad.
= But that I am poor, I could go abroad.
◇ but that 다음엔 직설법이 오며 부정의 뜻이 포함되어 있으므로 not를 쓰면 틀린다. 주절이 가정법 과거이면 but that + 직설법 현재 형태
* but that + 직설법 현재, 주절 (could + 원형동사)
but that + 직설법 과거, 주절 (would + have p.p : 가정법 과거완료)

15. 조건을 포함하는 부정사와 분사
* I should be very glad to speak French : 가정법 과거
= I should be very glad if I could speak French.
* I should be happy to accompany you.
= I should be happy if I could accompany you.
(당신을 동반 할 수 있다면 기쁘겠습니다.)
* The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
(이와 같은 일이 만약 전시에 일어난다면 큰 재난이 될 것이다.)
happening in wartime. (분사구문)
= if it should happen in wartime.
* Left to herself, she would have gone astray.
= If she had been left to herself, she ～ .

16. 주절 또는 조건절의 생략
* I could have come yesterday (if I had wanted to come)
* What if they should be thieves?
= What would be the result if they should be thieves?

17. 언외(言外)에 가정의 뜻을 포함하는 고정된 표현어구.
◇이들은 주로 사양하는 겸손한 완곡 어법이다.
① I should say he was a great scholar. (그는 아마 대학자이죠)
△여기에서의 was는 should가 과거형이므로 시제의 일치에 의한 것.
② That would seem strange. (그는 아마 이상하게 보일 것입니다.)
△If you did not know the truth, (진상을 모르시면)의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
③ I should like to make a tour round the world.(나는 세계일주 여행을 하고 싶다.)
△If I could의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
should like to: ～하고 싶다.
④ Would you mind lending me your car?
(미안하지만, 당신의 차를 좀 빌려 주시겠습니까?)
△If I could ask you의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
⑤ A pin might have been heard to drop. (if it had dropped의 뜻이 숨어있다.)
I could do it now. (지금 그것을 하려면 할 수도 있다.)
△if I would의 뜻이 숨어있다.

[영어 문법] - 수동태 (Voice)

태 (Voice)

1. 수동태와 능동태
①태의 의미 : 동작의 관점의 차이에 의해 생기는 동사의 표현 형식을 라고 한다.
능동태: 동작을 하는 쪽에 중점을 둠.
수동태: 동작을 받는 쪽에 중점을 둠.
△'능동태 → 수동태'
주어 … 능동태의 목적어가 됨.
동사 … ｢be + 과거분사｣로.
by～ … 능동태의 주어가 by 뒤에 와서 부사구를 이룸.
* He wrote this letter. (능동태)
* This letter was written by him. (수동태)
* All the people in the world admire Kennedy. (능동태)
(모든 세상 사람들이 케네디를 칭찬한다.)
= Kennedy is admired by all the people in the world. (수동태)
(케네디는 모든 세상 사람들에 의해 칭찬 받는다.)
②수동태로 쓸 수 없는 동사 : 목적어가 있는 문장이라고 모두 수동태로 바뀌지는 않는다.
have(가지고있다), resemble, lack, become 등은 수동태가 안되는 동사들이다.
△She resembles her mother. → Her mother is resembled by her.(×)
△let, have를 수동태로 할 때 → let - be allowed to, have - be asked to.
* He had me sing. → I was asked to sing by him.
He let me go. → I was allowed to go by him.

2. ｢By + 행위자｣를 표시하지 않는 경우
①행위자가 일반적인 사람일 때.
* English is spoken in Hongkong (by them)
②행위자가 명백하지 않을 때, 또는 누군지 알 수 없을 떄.
* The house was built in 1470 (by somebody).
③행위자가 누군지 표현 할 필요가 없을 때.
* Mary and I were invited to Jane's house.
3. 수동태의 시제
* Jack builds the house.
→ The house is built by Jack. (현재)
* Jack built the house.
→ The house was built by Jack. (과거)
* Jack will build the house.
→ The house will be built by Jack. (미래)
◇인칭에 따라 will, shall을 정한다.
△He will catch me. (단순미래)
→ I shall be caught by him.
I will do it. (의지미래)
→ It shall be done (by me)
* Jack has built the house. (현재완료)
→ The house has been built by Jack.
* Jack had built the house.
→ The house had been built by Jack. (과거완료)
* Jack will have built the house.
→ The house will have been built by Jack. (미래완료)
* Jack is building the house.
→ The house is being built by Jack. (진행형)
* Jack can build the house.
→ The house can be built by Jack. (조동사)

4. 4형식의 수동태
◇4형식의 문장은 대개 간접목적어를 주어로 하든지, 직접목적어를 주어로 하여 두개의 수동태가 가능하다. 4형식의 수동태는 3형식의 문장이다.
* Tom gave me the book. (4형식)
→ I was given the book by Tom. (직.목을 주어로, 3형식)
→ The book was given me by Tom. (간.목을 주어로, 3형식)
→ The book was given to me by Tom. (1형식)
①I.O가 보류목적어가 될 때 : 일반적으로 I.O이 보류목적어가 될 땐 그 앞에 전치사 to, for, of 등을 사용.(S + V + I.O + D.O → S + V + D.O + pre +I.O)
to 사용동사 : send, tell, lend, give, offer, bring, owe, teach, show,write, read, 등...
for 사용동사: buy, make, find, choose, get, cook, build 등...
of 사용동사: ask, inquire, require 등...
△A letter was sent (to) me by him.
A watch was bought for me by him.
Some questions were asked of me by him.
② D.O만 수동태의 주어로 하는 동사 : write, make, get, bring,carry, send, throw, pass, hand, read, sell, sing, do 등의 동사는 D.O만 수동태의 주어가 될 수 있음.
△She made me a doll. → A doll was made for me by her.
I wrote him a letter. → A letter was written him by me.
③ I.O만 수동태의 주어로 하는 동사 : envy, call, kiss, answer, save, spare 등은 I.O만 수동태의 주어가 됨.
△They envied him his luck. → He was envied his luck by them.
5. 5형식의 수동태
* They elected him chairman. (5형식)
→ He was elected chairman (by them). (2형식)
◇5형식 → 2형식 수동태로 바꾸는데 있어 지각, 사역동사가 쓰이면 목적보어는 원형부정사를 쓴다.
△I saw him enter the room.
→ He was seen to enter the room by me.
* 일반인을 나타내는 we, you, one, they, people, someone, somebody 등은 수동태에서는 보통 생략하며, 보어는 주어가 될 수 없다.

6. 보어가 원형부정사인 수동태
◇술부동사가 지각동사 또는 사역동사일 경우, 원형부정사는 수동태에서는 ｢to 있는 부정사｣가 된다.
* We saw him enter the room. -> He was seen to enter the room.
* We heard him sing. → He was heard to sing.
7. 합성동사의 수동태
◇합성동사는 수동태에서 한 단위로 취급된다.
①자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* He laughed at me. (3형식)
→ I was laughed at by him. (1형식)
②타동사 + 추상명사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* They took good care of the child. (3형식)
→ The child was taken good care of (by them). (1형식)
→ Good care was taken of the child (by him).
③동사 + 부사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* The villagers looked up to the doctor. (3형식)
→ The doctor was looked up to by the villagers. (1형식)
◇ speak well of, be well spoken of의 형태.
* They speak well of Mary.
→ Mary is spoken well of (by them). (×)
→ Mary is well spoken of (by them). (○)
8. 목적어가 명사절인 수동태
◇가주어 It를 내세우든지, that절 속의 주어를 수동태의 주어로 한다.
(본동사 시제 = that절 동사 시제 → 단순부정사.
본동사 시제보다 that절 동사 시제가 하나 더 과거 → 완료부정사.)
* They say that he is honest.
→ That he is honest is said (by them).
→ It is said (by them) that he is honest.
→ He is said to be honest (by them).
* They say that he was honest.
→ It is said (by them) that he was honest.
→ He is said to have been honest (by them).
9. 의문문 수동태
◇의문문을 수동태로 고칠 경우는 평서문 → 수동태 → 의문문으로 바꾸어 가면 이해가 쉽다.
* Did you plant this tree?
→ You planted this tree. (평서문)
→ This tree was planted by you. (수동태)
→ Was this tree planted by you? (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)
* Who saw the accident?
→ Who saw the accident. (평서문; 非문장)
→ The accident was seen by whom. (수동태; 非문장)
→ By whom was the accident seen? (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)
* What did he write on the blackboard?
→ What was written on the blackboard by him?
10. 명령문 수동태
◇｢Let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사｣의 형태를 사용한다.
* Do it at once.
→ Let it be done at once.
* Don't touch the stone.
→ Don't let the stone be touched.
→ Let the stone not be touched.
△명령문의 부정은 두가지가 있다.
｢Don't let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사｣
｢Let + 목적어 + not + be + 과거분사｣
11. 부정문 수동태
* no ↔ not + any. * nobody ↔ not + anybody.
* never ↔ not + ever. * nothing ↔ not + anything.
* neither ↔ not + either. * no one ↔ no + anyone.
◇ not은 항상 문두로 가려는 성질이 있음.
* Anyone can not solve the problem. (×)
→ No one can solve the problem. (○)
12. 동작의 행위를 나타내는 전치사
◇능동문의 주어는 수동태에서 대개 전치사구로 나타나는데 그 때의 대표적인 전치사는 by이지만, 동사에 따라 다른 전치사가 오는 경우가 있다.
* Snow covers the mountain. → The mountain is covered with snow.
* Everybody knows the poet. → The poet is known to everybody.
△A man is known by the company he keeps.
* His sudden death surprised me.
→ I was surprised at his sudden death.
△기쁨, 슬픔, 놀람 따위의 감정을 나타내는 동사는 보통 수동태로 나타내며, 여기 수반하는 전치사는 대개 at, with 이다.
I am pleased with my students.
I am satisfied with the result.
I was astonished at his conduct.
* This book interests me.
→ I am interested in this book.
△I was tired from the work.
I was tired of my quiet life.
The street is crowded with a lot of people.
13. 수동태가 주로 사용될 때
①능동태의 주어가 분명하지 않을 때.
* He was killed during the war.
②수동태의 주어가 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 때.
* Spanish is spoken in Mexico, too.
③능동태의 주어보다 수동태 주어에 관심이 클 때.
* Mr. Truman was elected president again.
④수동의 의미가 거의 없이 자동사로 느껴지는 경우.
ⓐ종사, 위치, 사망, 출생의 동사.
* I am now engaged in writing a book.
◇be absorbed in: ～에 몰두하다.
be situated = be located: ～에 위치하다.
ⓑ익사, 피해, 탈선, 부상의 동사.
* The river drowned him. (×)
→ He was drowned in the river. (○)
⑤앞문장과의 연결상으로.
* He made a speech and was asked many questions at the end.
(그는 연설을 했다. 그리고 그 연설 끝에 많은 질문을 받았다.)
⑥행위자를 나타내지 않는 것이 좋다고 생각될 때.
* Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
(말하지 말았어야 할 것을 오늘밤 여기에서 몇가지 말했다.)
14. 동작 수동태와 상태 수동태
* Our house is painted every year. (동작)
= We paint our house every year.
* Our house is painted green. (상태)
= We have painted our house green.
* The door is shut at seven every evening. (동작)
* The door is shut now. (상태)
15. 주의할 수동태
* This novel sells well.
(이 소설은 잘 팔린다; 형식은 능동이나 뜻은 수동이다.)
◇This orange peels well.
His novels read well.
* I was greatly astonished at the sight.
(나는 그 광경을 보고 매우 놀랐다; 형식은 수동이나 뜻은 능동이다.
특히 감정을 나타내는 말에 많다.)
* I had my purse stolen.
◇｢have (get) + 목적어 + 과거분사｣
…을 ～당하다. …을 ～시키다.
△I had my watch st/olen. (당하다)
I h/ad my watch mended. (시키다)
* This house is building.
= This house is being built. (이 집은 건축 중에 있다.)
◇The meal is now cooking.
* He is to blame.
= He is to be blamed.
△a book to read = a book to be read.
a house to let: 셋집.
water to drink: 음료수.
* He sold the watch a at a good price. (3형식)
* His new novel sells well. (1형식)
◇ sell, lock, read, translate, peel 등의 동사는 형태는 능동이나
의미는 수동의 뜻을 나타내는 경우도 있다.
16. 시초수동
* I am acquainted with him. (상태)
* I became acquainted with him at the party. (동작의 시초)
◇ be acquainted with ～: “～을 알고 있다”의 뜻으로 현재의 상태
를 나타내고 있는데 반하여 be 동사 대신에 ‘become, grow, get + 과거분사’의 형태가 되면 ｢ ～하게되다｣의 뜻으로 어떤일이 일어나는 시초나 동기를 나타내므로 시초수동이라고 한다.

[영어 문법] - 조동사(Auxiliary Verb)

조동사(Auxiliary Verb)

1. May, Might의 용법
①허락.
* May I smoke here?
- Yes, you may.
- No, you may (must) not.
②추측.
* He may be rich.
= It is possible that he is rich. (현재의 추측, may + 원형)
* He may have been rich.
= It is possible that he was rich. (과거의 추측, may have + p.p)
*가정법 과거완료 = might have + p.p.
* He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.)
(그는 그를 만날지도 모른다; 현재의 추측)
He may have meet her. (= It is possible that he met her.)
(그는 그녀를 과거에 만났을지도 모른다; 과거의 추측)
He might have met her.
= He might have met her, if he had not been busy. (가정법 과거완료)
= He did not meet her, as he was busy. (직설법 과거)
③능력.
* Gather roses while you may. (시기를 놓치지 마라)
* A man may be known by his friends.
④기타용법.
* Whatever he may do he will not succeed.
No matter what he may do
Do what he will
* He may be called a poet, but he cannot be called a scholar.
* May be rest in peace ! (편히잠드소서!, 기원문)
* Might I ask your mane? (공손)
* He may well say so. (～하는 것은 당연하다)
= He says so, and well he may.
= He has good reason to say so.
= It is natural that he should say so.
no wonder
a matter of course
not surprising
= I take it for granted that he says so.
◇ may + well + 원형동사: ～하는 것은 당연하다.
과거: may well have + p.p.
* You may as well -----begin at once.
might as well ㅣ
had better ----- → ～하는게 좋다.
◇ may (might) as well A as B: B하느니 차라리 A하는게 낫다.
실현가능 : may ～
실현불가능: might ～
△You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
(그것을 불완전하게 아느니, 차라리 전혀 모르는 것이 낫다.)
You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him.
(그를 설득하려고 시도하는 것은 이리를 설득하려는 것과 같다.)

2. Can
①능력.
* I can speak English. (현재시제 = be able to)
과거 : I was able to speak English.
미래 : I will be able to speak English.
현재완료: I have been able to speak English.
과거완료: I had been able to speak English.
미래완료: I will have been able to speak English.
◇ can의 과거: was able to.
be able to～의 부정: be unable to～
②추측, 강한 의혹.
* Who can he be? (도대체 누구일까?) (강한 부정적 추측)
* Can it be true? (도대체 그게 사실일까?) (강한 부정적 추측)
◇ can, cannot 등의 의문, 부정문에서 ‘도대체 ～일까, ～일리가 없다’의 뜻을 나타내어 강한 의혹이나 부정적인 추측을 표현하는데 쓰임.
* He cannot be honest. (현재의 추측, 그는 정직할리가 없다)
= It is impossible that he is honest.
* He cannot have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= It is impossible that he was honest.
◇ cannot이 추측을 나타낼 땐 과거형에 could not을 사용치 않고, 반드시 cannot + have + p.p. 형태를 사용할 것.
③기타.
* You can go home now. (허가)
* Could you show me the way to the station? (공손)
* We cannot be too careful of our health.
* We cannot praise him too much. (아무리 ～해도 지나치지 않다)

3. Must
①필요, 의무 (must + 의지동사)
* You must go there.
= It is necessary that you should go there.
= It is necessary for you to go there.
◇ must의 부정어는 need not, do not need to, do not have to, have not to 등이 있음.
* You must go there.
의: Do you have to go there?
과: You had to go there.
미: You will have to go there.
* You have only to do your duty. (～하기만하면 된다)
②추측 (must + 무의지동사)
* He must be honest. (현재의 추측)
= I am sure that he is honest.
It is certain
= It is impossible that he is honest.
≠ He cannot be honest.
* He must have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= I am sure that he was honest.
= It is impossible that he was honest.
≠ He cannot have been honest.
③기타.
* He must needs come. (꼭 ～한다고 고집하다)
* Sooner or later, death must come to us all!
(필연; 반드시 ～하다. 조만간 죽음은 우리 모두에게 다가온다)
* You must not tell a lie. (금지; ～해서는 안된다)
≠ You may tell a lie. (허가; ～해도 좋다)
* I think that I must go.
과거: I thought that I must go.

4. Will, Would
① Will : 현재의 불규칙적 습관. (～하곤하다)
Would: 과거의 불규칙적 습관. (～하곤했다)
* He will often sit up reading all night.
* He would often come home drunk, and beat his wife.
②소망 (wish to, want to)
* He who would search for pearls, must dive deep.
* Would that I were young again!
Would to God I wish
③거절, 고집.
* The door will not open. (현재의 고집)
* He would not help me. (과거의 고집)
④습관, 경향 (He'll과 같이 생략형을 쓸 수가 없다)
* Accident will happen.
* Dogs will bark when they see a stranger.
⑤기타.
* This vessel will hold 2 gallons of water. (포용력)
* Would you pass me the salt? (공손)
* He would be about twenty, when he met her. (추측)
* He was a strong will. (그는 강한 의지를 갖고 있다)
* He made his will before his death.
◇ will이 명사로 쓰이면 “의지, 뜻, 의사, 유언” 등으로 쓰임.
* I would rather die (than) live in dishonor.
would sooner
had rather
= I would choose death before life in dishonor.
= I prefer dying to living in dishonor. (전치사 + 명사,동명사)
= I prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor.
= 불명예스럽게 사느니 죽는 것이 낫다.

5. Should Ⅰ
①의무 (should + 원형동사: ～해야한다)
* The young should respect the old.
◇ ‘should + 동사원형’은 ‘ought to + 동사원형’과 마찬가지로 의무
“～해야한다”의 뜻.
②과거의 비난, 유감, 후회 (should + have + p.p.; ～했어야했는데)
* You should have worked harder.
ought to
= I am sorry (that) you didn't work harder.
= I wish you had worked harder.
Would that
Would to God
If only
= You had to work harder, but you didn't.
③강한의문, 놀람, 당연 (의문사 + should)
* Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot weather?
◇ should가 why, how, who 등의 의문문에서 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연 등으로 쓰이면 “도대체 ～인가?”의 뜻.
* How should I know it? (수사의문문)
= I don't know it at all.
◇ Who should A but b? : 도대체 누가 A하는가 했더니 다름아닌 바로 B이더라.
④이성적 판단의 should.
* It is natural that he should get angry.
= It is natural for him to get angry.
= He may well get angry.
◇ It is + 형 + that～ 구문에서 형용사 necessary, important, natural, good, well, right, wrong, rational 등이 오면 that절에 should를 사용한다. (해석할 필요는 없음)
⑤감정적 판단의 should.
* It is strange that she should cry all day long.
◇ It is 다음에 a pity, surprising, odd, strange, curious 등이 쓰이면 that～에 should를 사용하며, “～하다니”로 해석한다.
should + 동사원형 → 현재의 일.
should + have + p.p. → 과거의 일.
⑥기타.
* He should arrive by the 6:15 train. (추측)
* I should like to go to America once more. (완곡한 표현)
* Write it down in your notebook lest you should forget it.
* He lowered his voice for fear that he should be heard.
→ “～하지 않도록”, 자체 속에 부정의 뜻 포함. should 다음에 not을 쓰지 않도록 주의 할 것.

6. Should Ⅱ
충고: advice, advisable.--------

주장: insist, demand. ㅣ+ that + 주어 + should + 동사원형
소망: desire, expect. ㅣ
요구: require, request. ㅣ
제안: propose, move, suggest.ㅣ
명령: order. -------------------

* He insisted that he (should) go to the party.
= He insisted on (또는 upon) going to the party.
* I ordered that he (should) do it himself.
7. Ought to
①당연, 의무.
* You ought to start at once. (～해야한다, should와 거의 같은 뜻)
* You ought not to say such things. (부정; ought not to～)
②과거의 유감, 후회, 비난.
* You ought to have told me that matter yesterday.
= You should have told me that matter yesterday.
= I am sorry (that) you did not tell me that matter yesterday.
= I wish you had told me that matter yesterday.
(너는 어제 그일을 나에게 말했어야 했는데...)
◇ought to + have + p.p는 과거에 실행되지 못한 일에 대해 유감, 비난, 후회를 나타내며 ‘～했어야했는데’의 뜻을 갖는다.
* He ought to have arrived at Seoul Station by now.
(그는 지금쯤 마땅히 서울역에 도착해있을거야; 당연한 추측)
③미래의 추측.
* It ought to be rainy tomorrow. (당연히 ～일 것이다)

8. Dare
* I dare not to go there.
* How are you say such a thing to my face?
(내 면전에서 네가 감히 나에게 그런 말을 할 수 있겠는가?)
◇부정문, 의문문에서 조동사로 쓰여 “감히 ～하다”
* He does not dare to tell us.
◇ dare to do : 본동사로서 “감히 ～하다”
* I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = 아마.

9. Need
* daily needs: 일용품.
* immediate needs: 당장 필요한 것들.
* The house is in need of repair. (명사로 필요, 소용, 결핍의 뜻)
◇in need of～: ～에 필요한. ◇in need: 곤경에 빠져있는.
* He needs your help. (본동사, 그는 너의 도움을 필요로 한다)
* He need not go there. (조동사)
= He does not need to go there. (본동사)
* He need not have written to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었는데...(그런데도 썼다))
He did not need to write to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었다.(썼는지의 여부는 모름))
◇need not have + p.p.: ～할 필요가 없었는데 ～를 했다.
did not need to～ : ～할 필요가 없었다, 그래서 ～하지 않았다.

10. Used to
① use가 명사, 동사로 쓰일 때.
* You use your legs when you walk. (동사, [ju:z])
* The telephone is of no use in this town. (명사, [ju:s])
* use up = exhaust: 다 써 버리다.
of no use = useless: 소용이 없는.
② used to + 동사원형.
* I used to get up early. ([ju:st], 과거의 규칙적 습관)
= I was in the habit of getting up early.
= I made it a rule to get up early.
= I made a point of getting up early.
= I made it a point to get up early.
* There used to be a big tree here. (과거의 상태)
③ be used to + 명사, 동명사.
* He is used to driving a car.
= He is accustomed to drive a car.
driving a car.
◇ be used to 다음에 반드시 명사 또는 동명사가 오며 “～에 익숙하다”의 뜻.
그러나 be accustomed to 다음엔 동사원형 또는 명사나 동명사가 모두 쓰임.