태 (Voice)
1. 수동태와 능동태
①태의 의미 : 동작의 관점의 차이에 의해 생기는 동사의 표현 형식을 라고 한다.
능동태: 동작을 하는 쪽에 중점을 둠.
수동태: 동작을 받는 쪽에 중점을 둠.
△'능동태 → 수동태'
주어 … 능동태의 목적어가 됨.
동사 … ｢be + 과거분사｣로.
by～ … 능동태의 주어가 by 뒤에 와서 부사구를 이룸.
* He wrote this letter. (능동태)
* This letter was written by him. (수동태)
* All the people in the world admire Kennedy. (능동태)
(모든 세상 사람들이 케네디를 칭찬한다.)
= Kennedy is admired by all the people in the world. (수동태)
(케네디는 모든 세상 사람들에 의해 칭찬 받는다.)
②수동태로 쓸 수 없는 동사 : 목적어가 있는 문장이라고 모두 수동태로 바뀌지는 않는다.
have(가지고있다), resemble, lack, become 등은 수동태가 안되는 동사들이다.
△She resembles her mother. → Her mother is resembled by her.(×)
△let, have를 수동태로 할 때 → let - be allowed to, have - be asked to.
* He had me sing. → I was asked to sing by him.
He let me go. → I was allowed to go by him.
2. ｢By + 행위자｣를 표시하지 않는 경우
①행위자가 일반적인 사람일 때.
* English is spoken in Hongkong (by them)
②행위자가 명백하지 않을 때, 또는 누군지 알 수 없을 떄.
* The house was built in 1470 (by somebody).
③행위자가 누군지 표현 할 필요가 없을 때.
* Mary and I were invited to Jane's house.
3. 수동태의 시제
* Jack builds the house.
→ The house is built by Jack. (현재)
* Jack built the house.
→ The house was built by Jack. (과거)
* Jack will build the house.
→ The house will be built by Jack. (미래)
◇인칭에 따라 will, shall을 정한다.
△He will catch me. (단순미래)
→ I shall be caught by him.
I will do it. (의지미래)
→ It shall be done (by me)
* Jack has built the house. (현재완료)
→ The house has been built by Jack.
* Jack had built the house.
→ The house had been built by Jack. (과거완료)
* Jack will have built the house.
→ The house will have been built by Jack. (미래완료)
* Jack is building the house.
→ The house is being built by Jack. (진행형)
* Jack can build the house.
→ The house can be built by Jack. (조동사)
①행위자가 일반적인 사람일 때.
* English is spoken in Hongkong (by them)
②행위자가 명백하지 않을 때, 또는 누군지 알 수 없을 떄.
* The house was built in 1470 (by somebody).
③행위자가 누군지 표현 할 필요가 없을 때.
* Mary and I were invited to Jane's house.
3. 수동태의 시제
* Jack builds the house.
→ The house is built by Jack. (현재)
* Jack built the house.
→ The house was built by Jack. (과거)
* Jack will build the house.
→ The house will be built by Jack. (미래)
◇인칭에 따라 will, shall을 정한다.
△He will catch me. (단순미래)
→ I shall be caught by him.
I will do it. (의지미래)
→ It shall be done (by me)
* Jack has built the house. (현재완료)
→ The house has been built by Jack.
* Jack had built the house.
→ The house had been built by Jack. (과거완료)
* Jack will have built the house.
→ The house will have been built by Jack. (미래완료)
* Jack is building the house.
→ The house is being built by Jack. (진행형)
* Jack can build the house.
→ The house can be built by Jack. (조동사)
4. 4형식의 수동태
◇4형식의 문장은 대개 간접목적어를 주어로 하든지, 직접목적어를 주어로 하여 두개의 수동태가 가능하다. 4형식의 수동태는 3형식의 문장이다.
* Tom gave me the book. (4형식)
→ I was given the book by Tom. (직.목을 주어로, 3형식)
→ The book was given me by Tom. (간.목을 주어로, 3형식)
→ The book was given to me by Tom. (1형식)
①I.O가 보류목적어가 될 때 : 일반적으로 I.O이 보류목적어가 될 땐 그 앞에 전치사 to, for, of 등을 사용.(S + V + I.O + D.O → S + V + D.O + pre +I.O)
to 사용동사 : send, tell, lend, give, offer, bring, owe, teach, show,write, read, 등...
for 사용동사: buy, make, find, choose, get, cook, build 등...
of 사용동사: ask, inquire, require 등...
△A letter was sent (to) me by him.
A watch was bought for me by him.
Some questions were asked of me by him.
② D.O만 수동태의 주어로 하는 동사 : write, make, get, bring,carry, send, throw, pass, hand, read, sell, sing, do 등의 동사는 D.O만 수동태의 주어가 될 수 있음.
△She made me a doll. → A doll was made for me by her.
I wrote him a letter. → A letter was written him by me.
③ I.O만 수동태의 주어로 하는 동사 : envy, call, kiss, answer, save, spare 등은 I.O만 수동태의 주어가 됨.
△They envied him his luck. → He was envied his luck by them.
5. 5형식의 수동태
* They elected him chairman. (5형식)
→ He was elected chairman (by them). (2형식)
◇5형식 → 2형식 수동태로 바꾸는데 있어 지각, 사역동사가 쓰이면 목적보어는 원형부정사를 쓴다.
△I saw him enter the room.
→ He was seen to enter the room by me.
* 일반인을 나타내는 we, you, one, they, people, someone, somebody 등은 수동태에서는 보통 생략하며, 보어는 주어가 될 수 없다.
6. 보어가 원형부정사인 수동태
◇술부동사가 지각동사 또는 사역동사일 경우, 원형부정사는 수동태에서는 ｢to 있는 부정사｣가 된다.
* We saw him enter the room. -> He was seen to enter the room.
* We heard him sing. → He was heard to sing.
7. 합성동사의 수동태
◇합성동사는 수동태에서 한 단위로 취급된다.
①자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* He laughed at me. (3형식)
→ I was laughed at by him. (1형식)
②타동사 + 추상명사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* They took good care of the child. (3형식)
→ The child was taken good care of (by them). (1형식)
→ Good care was taken of the child (by him).
③동사 + 부사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* The villagers looked up to the doctor. (3형식)
→ The doctor was looked up to by the villagers. (1형식)
◇ speak well of, be well spoken of의 형태.
* They speak well of Mary.
→ Mary is spoken well of (by them). (×)
→ Mary is well spoken of (by them). (○)
8. 목적어가 명사절인 수동태
◇가주어 It를 내세우든지, that절 속의 주어를 수동태의 주어로 한다.
(본동사 시제 = that절 동사 시제 → 단순부정사.
본동사 시제보다 that절 동사 시제가 하나 더 과거 → 완료부정사.)
* They say that he is honest.
→ That he is honest is said (by them).
→ It is said (by them) that he is honest.
→ He is said to be honest (by them).
* They say that he was honest.
→ It is said (by them) that he was honest.
→ He is said to have been honest (by them).
9. 의문문 수동태
◇의문문을 수동태로 고칠 경우는 평서문 → 수동태 → 의문문으로 바꾸어 가면 이해가 쉽다.
* Did you plant this tree?
→ You planted this tree. (평서문)
→ This tree was planted by you. (수동태)
→ Was this tree planted by you? (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)
* Who saw the accident?
→ Who saw the accident. (평서문; 非문장)
→ The accident was seen by whom. (수동태; 非문장)
→ By whom was the accident seen? (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)
* What did he write on the blackboard?
→ What was written on the blackboard by him?
10. 명령문 수동태
◇｢Let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사｣의 형태를 사용한다.
* Do it at once.
→ Let it be done at once.
* Don't touch the stone.
→ Don't let the stone be touched.
→ Let the stone not be touched.
△명령문의 부정은 두가지가 있다.
｢Don't let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사｣
｢Let + 목적어 + not + be + 과거분사｣
11. 부정문 수동태
* no ↔ not + any. * nobody ↔ not + anybody.
* never ↔ not + ever. * nothing ↔ not + anything.
* neither ↔ not + either. * no one ↔ no + anyone.
◇ not은 항상 문두로 가려는 성질이 있음.
* Anyone can not solve the problem. (×)
→ No one can solve the problem. (○)
12. 동작의 행위를 나타내는 전치사
◇능동문의 주어는 수동태에서 대개 전치사구로 나타나는데 그 때의 대표적인 전치사는 by이지만, 동사에 따라 다른 전치사가 오는 경우가 있다.
* Snow covers the mountain. → The mountain is covered with snow.
* Everybody knows the poet. → The poet is known to everybody.
△A man is known by the company he keeps.
* His sudden death surprised me.
→ I was surprised at his sudden death.
△기쁨, 슬픔, 놀람 따위의 감정을 나타내는 동사는 보통 수동태로 나타내며, 여기 수반하는 전치사는 대개 at, with 이다.
I am pleased with my students.
I am satisfied with the result.
I was astonished at his conduct.
* This book interests me.
→ I am interested in this book.
△I was tired from the work.
I was tired of my quiet life.
The street is crowded with a lot of people.
13. 수동태가 주로 사용될 때
①능동태의 주어가 분명하지 않을 때.
* He was killed during the war.
②수동태의 주어가 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 때.
* Spanish is spoken in Mexico, too.
③능동태의 주어보다 수동태 주어에 관심이 클 때.
* Mr. Truman was elected president again.
④수동의 의미가 거의 없이 자동사로 느껴지는 경우.
ⓐ종사, 위치, 사망, 출생의 동사.
* I am now engaged in writing a book.
◇be absorbed in: ～에 몰두하다.
be situated = be located: ～에 위치하다.
ⓑ익사, 피해, 탈선, 부상의 동사.
* The river drowned him. (×)
→ He was drowned in the river. (○)
⑤앞문장과의 연결상으로.
* He made a speech and was asked many questions at the end.
(그는 연설을 했다. 그리고 그 연설 끝에 많은 질문을 받았다.)
⑥행위자를 나타내지 않는 것이 좋다고 생각될 때.
* Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
(말하지 말았어야 할 것을 오늘밤 여기에서 몇가지 말했다.)
14. 동작 수동태와 상태 수동태
* Our house is painted every year. (동작)
= We paint our house every year.
* Our house is painted green. (상태)
= We have painted our house green.
* The door is shut at seven every evening. (동작)
* The door is shut now. (상태)
15. 주의할 수동태
* This novel sells well.
(이 소설은 잘 팔린다; 형식은 능동이나 뜻은 수동이다.)
◇This orange peels well.
His novels read well.
* I was greatly astonished at the sight.
(나는 그 광경을 보고 매우 놀랐다; 형식은 수동이나 뜻은 능동이다.
특히 감정을 나타내는 말에 많다.)
* I had my purse stolen.
◇｢have (get) + 목적어 + 과거분사｣
…을 ～당하다. …을 ～시키다.
△I had my watch st/olen. (당하다)
I h/ad my watch mended. (시키다)
* This house is building.
= This house is being built. (이 집은 건축 중에 있다.)
◇The meal is now cooking.
* He is to blame.
= He is to be blamed.
△a book to read = a book to be read.
a house to let: 셋집.
water to drink: 음료수.
* He sold the watch a at a good price. (3형식)
* His new novel sells well. (1형식)
◇ sell, lock, read, translate, peel 등의 동사는 형태는 능동이나
의미는 수동의 뜻을 나타내는 경우도 있다.
16. 시초수동
* I am acquainted with him. (상태)
* I became acquainted with him at the party. (동작의 시초)
◇ be acquainted with ～: “～을 알고 있다”의 뜻으로 현재의 상태
를 나타내고 있는데 반하여 be 동사 대신에 ‘become, grow, get + 과거분사’의 형태가 되면 ｢ ～하게되다｣의 뜻으로 어떤일이 일어나는 시초나 동기를 나타내므로 시초수동이라고 한다.
◇술부동사가 지각동사 또는 사역동사일 경우, 원형부정사는 수동태에서는 ｢to 있는 부정사｣가 된다.
* We saw him enter the room. -> He was seen to enter the room.
* We heard him sing. → He was heard to sing.
7. 합성동사의 수동태
◇합성동사는 수동태에서 한 단위로 취급된다.
①자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* He laughed at me. (3형식)
→ I was laughed at by him. (1형식)
②타동사 + 추상명사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* They took good care of the child. (3형식)
→ The child was taken good care of (by them). (1형식)
→ Good care was taken of the child (by him).
③동사 + 부사 + 전치사 = 타동사구.
* The villagers looked up to the doctor. (3형식)
→ The doctor was looked up to by the villagers. (1형식)
◇ speak well of, be well spoken of의 형태.
* They speak well of Mary.
→ Mary is spoken well of (by them). (×)
→ Mary is well spoken of (by them). (○)
8. 목적어가 명사절인 수동태
◇가주어 It를 내세우든지, that절 속의 주어를 수동태의 주어로 한다.
(본동사 시제 = that절 동사 시제 → 단순부정사.
본동사 시제보다 that절 동사 시제가 하나 더 과거 → 완료부정사.)
* They say that he is honest.
→ That he is honest is said (by them).
→ It is said (by them) that he is honest.
→ He is said to be honest (by them).
* They say that he was honest.
→ It is said (by them) that he was honest.
→ He is said to have been honest (by them).
9. 의문문 수동태
◇의문문을 수동태로 고칠 경우는 평서문 → 수동태 → 의문문으로 바꾸어 가면 이해가 쉽다.
* Did you plant this tree?
→ You planted this tree. (평서문)
→ This tree was planted by you. (수동태)
→ Was this tree planted by you? (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)
* Who saw the accident?
→ Who saw the accident. (평서문; 非문장)
→ The accident was seen by whom. (수동태; 非문장)
→ By whom was the accident seen? (의문문; 처음 문장의 의문문 수동태)
* What did he write on the blackboard?
→ What was written on the blackboard by him?
10. 명령문 수동태
◇｢Let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사｣의 형태를 사용한다.
* Do it at once.
→ Let it be done at once.
* Don't touch the stone.
→ Don't let the stone be touched.
→ Let the stone not be touched.
△명령문의 부정은 두가지가 있다.
｢Don't let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사｣
｢Let + 목적어 + not + be + 과거분사｣
11. 부정문 수동태
* no ↔ not + any. * nobody ↔ not + anybody.
* never ↔ not + ever. * nothing ↔ not + anything.
* neither ↔ not + either. * no one ↔ no + anyone.
◇ not은 항상 문두로 가려는 성질이 있음.
* Anyone can not solve the problem. (×)
→ No one can solve the problem. (○)
12. 동작의 행위를 나타내는 전치사
◇능동문의 주어는 수동태에서 대개 전치사구로 나타나는데 그 때의 대표적인 전치사는 by이지만, 동사에 따라 다른 전치사가 오는 경우가 있다.
* Snow covers the mountain. → The mountain is covered with snow.
* Everybody knows the poet. → The poet is known to everybody.
△A man is known by the company he keeps.
* His sudden death surprised me.
→ I was surprised at his sudden death.
△기쁨, 슬픔, 놀람 따위의 감정을 나타내는 동사는 보통 수동태로 나타내며, 여기 수반하는 전치사는 대개 at, with 이다.
I am pleased with my students.
I am satisfied with the result.
I was astonished at his conduct.
* This book interests me.
→ I am interested in this book.
△I was tired from the work.
I was tired of my quiet life.
The street is crowded with a lot of people.
13. 수동태가 주로 사용될 때
①능동태의 주어가 분명하지 않을 때.
* He was killed during the war.
②수동태의 주어가 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 때.
* Spanish is spoken in Mexico, too.
③능동태의 주어보다 수동태 주어에 관심이 클 때.
* Mr. Truman was elected president again.
④수동의 의미가 거의 없이 자동사로 느껴지는 경우.
ⓐ종사, 위치, 사망, 출생의 동사.
* I am now engaged in writing a book.
◇be absorbed in: ～에 몰두하다.
be situated = be located: ～에 위치하다.
ⓑ익사, 피해, 탈선, 부상의 동사.
* The river drowned him. (×)
→ He was drowned in the river. (○)
⑤앞문장과의 연결상으로.
* He made a speech and was asked many questions at the end.
(그는 연설을 했다. 그리고 그 연설 끝에 많은 질문을 받았다.)
⑥행위자를 나타내지 않는 것이 좋다고 생각될 때.
* Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
(말하지 말았어야 할 것을 오늘밤 여기에서 몇가지 말했다.)
14. 동작 수동태와 상태 수동태
* Our house is painted every year. (동작)
= We paint our house every year.
* Our house is painted green. (상태)
= We have painted our house green.
* The door is shut at seven every evening. (동작)
* The door is shut now. (상태)
15. 주의할 수동태
* This novel sells well.
(이 소설은 잘 팔린다; 형식은 능동이나 뜻은 수동이다.)
◇This orange peels well.
His novels read well.
* I was greatly astonished at the sight.
(나는 그 광경을 보고 매우 놀랐다; 형식은 수동이나 뜻은 능동이다.
특히 감정을 나타내는 말에 많다.)
* I had my purse stolen.
◇｢have (get) + 목적어 + 과거분사｣
…을 ～당하다. …을 ～시키다.
△I had my watch st/olen. (당하다)
I h/ad my watch mended. (시키다)
* This house is building.
= This house is being built. (이 집은 건축 중에 있다.)
◇The meal is now cooking.
* He is to blame.
= He is to be blamed.
△a book to read = a book to be read.
a house to let: 셋집.
water to drink: 음료수.
* He sold the watch a at a good price. (3형식)
* His new novel sells well. (1형식)
◇ sell, lock, read, translate, peel 등의 동사는 형태는 능동이나
의미는 수동의 뜻을 나타내는 경우도 있다.
16. 시초수동
* I am acquainted with him. (상태)
* I became acquainted with him at the party. (동작의 시초)
◇ be acquainted with ～: “～을 알고 있다”의 뜻으로 현재의 상태
를 나타내고 있는데 반하여 be 동사 대신에 ‘become, grow, get + 과거분사’의 형태가 되면 ｢ ～하게되다｣의 뜻으로 어떤일이 일어나는 시초나 동기를 나타내므로 시초수동이라고 한다.
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