법 (Mood)
1. 법의 종류
◇말하는 사람의 심리 태도에 의한 동사의 표현 형식을 법이라 하며, 직설법, 명령법, 가정법이 있다.
* I am thirsty. (직설법)
* Give me something to drink. (명령법)
* I wish I had something to drink. (가정법)
2. 법의 형식과 용법
①명령법은 동사의 원형을 사용한다. 명령은 상대방에게 하므로 주어 You를 생략하는 것이 보통이지만, 특히 상대방의 주의를 끌려고 할 때는 사용한다.
* You read the first paragraph, John.
* And mind you don't forget to post the letter.
②명령법은 접속사 and, or와 관련하여 조건을 나타낸다.
ⓐ명령법 + and
Hurry up, and you will be in time.
= If you hurry up, you will be in time.
ⓑ명령법 + or
Hurry up, or you will be late.
= If you do not hurry up, you will be late.
= Unless you hurry up, you will be late.
③ Let him go there.
Let each man do his best.
◇명령법에는 let를 사용하는 형식이 있다. 1인칭, 3인칭에 관하여든지 혹은 권유를 하는 형식이다.
△Let us ~. 의 형식에는 다음과 같은 구별이 있다.
Let us go. (갑시다) … 권유 [lets]
Let us go. (저희들을 보내 주시오) … 허가 [l/et əs]
△Let에는 3인칭에 대한 명령을 나타내는 주의할 용법이 있다.
Let each man do his best.
= Each man should do his best. (각자 자기의 최선을 다하라.)
2. 가정법 현재
* If + 주어 + 동사원형, 주어 + will. can + 동사원형
조건절(종속절) shall. may
주절(귀결절)
* If it rain (rains) tomorrow, I will not go.
* If he is honest, I will employ him. (조건절)
* If he is honest, I will not employ him. (양보절, ~할지라도)
* If + 주어 + 동사원형, 주어 + will. can + 동사원형
조건절(종속절) shall. may
주절(귀결절)
* If it rain (rains) tomorrow, I will not go.
* If he is honest, I will employ him. (조건절)
* If he is honest, I will not employ him. (양보절, ~할지라도)
3. 가정법 미래
* If + 주어 + should (주어의 무의지) + 동사원형, 「→ 조건절(종속절)」
would (주어의 의지)
+ 주어 + will(would), can(could) + 동사원형. 「→ 주절(귀결절)」
shall(should), may(might)
* If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not come.
◇ 가정법 미래는 미래에 대한 강한 의심, 의혹을 나타냄.
조건절에 should + 동사원형을 사용. ⇒ 미래에 대한 강한 의심.
would + 동사원형 ⇒ 주어의 의지.
* If you should meet him, tell him to write to me.
= Should you meet him, tell him to write to me.
◇ 조동사 + should 문두로 도치: If를 생략시.
* If + 주어 + were to~, 주어 + would, should + 동사원형.
could, might
* If the sun were to collide with the moon, what would become of the earth?
◇ 가정법 미래의 조건절에 were to~를 사용하면 전혀 불가능한 일 또는 미래의 의혹 등을 나타내며 주절에는 would, should 등만 가능. will, shall 등은 사용할 수가 없음.
* If + 주어 + should (주어의 무의지) + 동사원형, 「→ 조건절(종속절)」
would (주어의 의지)
+ 주어 + will(would), can(could) + 동사원형. 「→ 주절(귀결절)」
shall(should), may(might)
* If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not come.
◇ 가정법 미래는 미래에 대한 강한 의심, 의혹을 나타냄.
조건절에 should + 동사원형을 사용. ⇒ 미래에 대한 강한 의심.
would + 동사원형 ⇒ 주어의 의지.
* If you should meet him, tell him to write to me.
= Should you meet him, tell him to write to me.
◇ 조동사 + should 문두로 도치: If를 생략시.
* If + 주어 + were to~, 주어 + would, should + 동사원형.
could, might
* If the sun were to collide with the moon, what would become of the earth?
◇ 가정법 미래의 조건절에 were to~를 사용하면 전혀 불가능한 일 또는 미래의 의혹 등을 나타내며 주절에는 would, should 등만 가능. will, shall 등은 사용할 수가 없음.
4. 가정법 과거
* If + S + Root, were, S + would, should + Root
had, did, could,
* As I am ill, I cannot go there. (직설법 현재)
= If I were not ill, I could go there. (가정법 과거)
= Were I not ill, I could go there. (if 생략)
= But for my illness, I could go there.
Without
= If it were not for my illness, I could go there.
◇ But for, Without은 전치사구로서 “~이 없다면”의 뜻. 다음에는 반드시 명사나 동명사형을 사용해야한다.
가정법 과거에서 If it were not for~ (만일 ~이 없다면)로 고칠 수 있음.
◇ It is (high) time (that) + S + 과거동사 ⇒ 긴급사항, 당연, 필요, 재촉.
* It is time (that) you went to bed.
= It is time (that) you should go to bed.
= It is time for you to go go bed.
* If I were a bird, I would fly to you. (가정법 과거)
= As I am not a bird, I do not fly to you. (직설법 현재)
5. 가정법 과거완료
* If + S + had + p.p., S + would, should + have + p.p.
could, might
* As you helped me, I did not fail. (직설법 과거)
= If you had not helped me, I would have fail. (가정법 과거완료)
= Had you not helped me, I would have failed. (If 생략시)
= But for (Without) your help, I would have failed.
= If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.
= Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.
◇ 과거사실의 정반대를 가정할 땐 가정법 과거완료 형식인 If + 주 + had + p.p,
* If + S + Root, were, S + would, should + Root
had, did, could,
* As I am ill, I cannot go there. (직설법 현재)
= If I were not ill, I could go there. (가정법 과거)
= Were I not ill, I could go there. (if 생략)
= But for my illness, I could go there.
Without
= If it were not for my illness, I could go there.
◇ But for, Without은 전치사구로서 “~이 없다면”의 뜻. 다음에는 반드시 명사나 동명사형을 사용해야한다.
가정법 과거에서 If it were not for~ (만일 ~이 없다면)로 고칠 수 있음.
◇ It is (high) time (that) + S + 과거동사 ⇒ 긴급사항, 당연, 필요, 재촉.
* It is time (that) you went to bed.
= It is time (that) you should go to bed.
= It is time for you to go go bed.
* If I were a bird, I would fly to you. (가정법 과거)
= As I am not a bird, I do not fly to you. (직설법 현재)
5. 가정법 과거완료
* If + S + had + p.p., S + would, should + have + p.p.
could, might
* As you helped me, I did not fail. (직설법 과거)
= If you had not helped me, I would have fail. (가정법 과거완료)
= Had you not helped me, I would have failed. (If 생략시)
= But for (Without) your help, I would have failed.
= If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.
= Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.
◇ 과거사실의 정반대를 가정할 땐 가정법 과거완료 형식인 If + 주 + had + p.p,
주 + would(should...) + have + p.p
◇ but for, without가 가정법 과거에서 쓰이면 if it were not for(만일 ~이 없다면)로 고쳐지며 가정법 과거완료에서 쓰이면 if it had not been for(만일 ~이 없었더라면)로 고쳐짐.
◇ 조건절에서 접속사 if가 생략되면 be동사와 조동사는 바로 주어 앞으로 도치되며 일반동사는 조동사 did가 문두로 도치됨.
6. But for, Without
→ 가정법 과거 ----------- if it were not for
----------- were it not for
가정법 과거완료 ---------- if it had not been for
--------- had it not been for
* But for the heat of the sun, nothing could live.
(태양열이 없으면 아무도 살 수 없을 것이다.)
* Without your timely advice, he would have been ruined.
(당신의 시기적절한 충고가 없었더라면, 그는 파멸했을 것이다.)
* But for, Without의 뜻은 주절에 의하여 결정된다.
◇But for his help, I couldn't succeed. (가정법 과거)
But for his help, I couldn't have succeeded. (가정법 과거완료)
* but for와 비슷한 것으로 but that이 있는데, 그 다음에는 절이 오며, 또 직설법이 온다.
but that = unless
△But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.
7. I wish + 가정법
◇ I wish + 주어 + 복수 과거동사 : 가정법 과거 (현재사실의 반대)
* I wish ----------- I were a bird. (가정법 과거)
would that ㅣ
would to God -- : 현재 실현할 수 없는 일에 대한 소망
If only
= I am sorry-------I am not a bird. (직설법 현재)
It is a pity ㅣ
I regret --------
◇ I wish + 주 + had + p.p : 가정법 과거완료 (과거에 실현하지 못한 소망)
* I wish ----------
◇ but for, without가 가정법 과거에서 쓰이면 if it were not for(만일 ~이 없다면)로 고쳐지며 가정법 과거완료에서 쓰이면 if it had not been for(만일 ~이 없었더라면)로 고쳐짐.
◇ 조건절에서 접속사 if가 생략되면 be동사와 조동사는 바로 주어 앞으로 도치되며 일반동사는 조동사 did가 문두로 도치됨.
6. But for, Without
→ 가정법 과거 ----------- if it were not for
----------- were it not for
가정법 과거완료 ---------- if it had not been for
--------- had it not been for
* But for the heat of the sun, nothing could live.
(태양열이 없으면 아무도 살 수 없을 것이다.)
* Without your timely advice, he would have been ruined.
(당신의 시기적절한 충고가 없었더라면, 그는 파멸했을 것이다.)
* But for, Without의 뜻은 주절에 의하여 결정된다.
◇But for his help, I couldn't succeed. (가정법 과거)
But for his help, I couldn't have succeeded. (가정법 과거완료)
* but for와 비슷한 것으로 but that이 있는데, 그 다음에는 절이 오며, 또 직설법이 온다.
but that = unless
△But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.
7. I wish + 가정법
◇ I wish + 주어 + 복수 과거동사 : 가정법 과거 (현재사실의 반대)
* I wish ----------- I were a bird. (가정법 과거)
would that ㅣ
would to God -- : 현재 실현할 수 없는 일에 대한 소망
If only
= I am sorry-------I am not a bird. (직설법 현재)
It is a pity ㅣ
I regret --------
◇ I wish + 주 + had + p.p : 가정법 과거완료 (과거에 실현하지 못한 소망)
* I wish ----------
Would that ㅣ
If only ㅣ I had learned English. (가정법 과거완료)
O that ----------
If only ㅣ I had learned English. (가정법 과거완료)
O that ----------
= I am sorry------ I didn't learn English. (직설법 과거)
It is a pity ㅣ
I regret -------
= I should ------ have learned English. : ~했어야 했는데
ought to--------
8. as if + 가정법
◇ as if ------- + 주 + 복수 과거동사
as though ---- = 가정법 과거 : 마치 ~인 것 처럼
* He talks as if he knew everything.
= In fact he doesn't know everything.
* He talked as if he knew everything.
= In fact he did not know everything.
◇ as if -------- + 주 + had + p.p
as though ----- = 가정법 과거완료 : 마치 ~였던 것 처럼
* He looks as if he had been ill.
= In fact he has not been ill.
* He looked as if he had been ill.
= In fact he had not been ill.
◇ 주절동사가 현재시제이면 as if~는 과거 또는 현재완료를, 과거시제이면 과거완료시제를 각각 표시함.
It is a pity ㅣ
I regret -------
= I should ------ have learned English. : ~했어야 했는데
ought to--------
8. as if + 가정법
◇ as if ------- + 주 + 복수 과거동사
as though ---- = 가정법 과거 : 마치 ~인 것 처럼
* He talks as if he knew everything.
= In fact he doesn't know everything.
* He talked as if he knew everything.
= In fact he did not know everything.
◇ as if -------- + 주 + had + p.p
as though ----- = 가정법 과거완료 : 마치 ~였던 것 처럼
* He looks as if he had been ill.
= In fact he has not been ill.
* He looked as if he had been ill.
= In fact he had not been ill.
◇ 주절동사가 현재시제이면 as if~는 과거 또는 현재완료를, 과거시제이면 과거완료시제를 각각 표시함.
9. 혼합 가정법
* As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now.
= If I had taken your advice then, I would be happier now.
◇ 직설법 : as~는 과거, 주절은 현재이면
가정법 : as절은 가정법 과거완료(had + p.p)로, 주절은 가정법 과거(would + 원형)로
* As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now.
= If I had taken your advice then, I would be happier now.
◇ 직설법 : as~는 과거, 주절은 현재이면
가정법 : as절은 가정법 과거완료(had + p.p)로, 주절은 가정법 과거(would + 원형)로
10. 조건 접속사 . 구
◇ unless = if ~ not : ~하지 않는다면
in case (that) + 주 + 동-------~할 경우에는
in case of + 명 ㅣ 만일 ~한다면
in the event of + 명----------
in case ~ should : ~의 경우를 대비해서, ~하면 안되니까
* A tiger cannot be tamed, unless it is caught young.
= A tiger cannot be tamed, if it is not caught young.
* In case of trouble, call for any help.
* Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
◇ provided (that): ~하기만 한다면
◇ unless = if ~ not : ~하지 않는다면
in case (that) + 주 + 동-------~할 경우에는
in case of + 명 ㅣ 만일 ~한다면
in the event of + 명----------
in case ~ should : ~의 경우를 대비해서, ~하면 안되니까
* A tiger cannot be tamed, unless it is caught young.
= A tiger cannot be tamed, if it is not caught young.
* In case of trouble, call for any help.
* Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
◇ provided (that): ~하기만 한다면
providing (that): ~하기만 한다면
on condition that: ~하기만 한다면
so long as : ~하기만 한다면
so long as : ~하기만 한다면
if only: ~하기만 한다면
suppose (that) = supposing (that) : ~한다면 (if)
granted (that)----------설령 ~한다 할지라도
granting (that)---------(even if : 양보를 나타냄)
granted (that)----------설령 ~한다 할지라도
granting (that)---------(even if : 양보를 나타냄)
11. 조건절 상당어구 (전치사)
* With guns, we could defeat the enemy.
= If we had guns, we could defeat the enemy.
* With guns, we could defeat the enemy.
= If we had guns, we could defeat the enemy.
12. 조건절 상당어구 (구)
* I would not do such a thing in your place.
= I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.
* I would not do such a thing in your place.
= I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.
13. 조건절 상당어구 (단어)
* A Korean would not do such a thing.
= If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.
* A Korean would not do such a thing.
= If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.
14. 조건절 상당어구 (접속사)
◇ I am engaged now, or------ → if I were not engaged now,
or else ㅣ : 가 . 과 → 그렇지 않다면
otherwise------------------- : 가 . 과 . 완 → 그렇지 않았더라면
I would accept your invitation.
◇ but that ------------------ 주 + 현재동사 : ~이 없다면
expect that ㅣ주 + 과거동사 : ~이 없었더라면
but what -----------------
* As I am poor, I can not go abroad.
= If I were not poor, I could go abroad.
= Were I not poor, I could go abroad.
= But that I am poor, I could go abroad.
◇ but that 다음엔 직설법이 오며 부정의 뜻이 포함되어 있으므로 not를 쓰면 틀린다. 주절이 가정법 과거이면 but that + 직설법 현재 형태
* but that + 직설법 현재, 주절 (could + 원형동사)
but that + 직설법 과거, 주절 (would + have p.p : 가정법 과거완료)
◇ I am engaged now, or------ → if I were not engaged now,
or else ㅣ : 가 . 과 → 그렇지 않다면
otherwise------------------- : 가 . 과 . 완 → 그렇지 않았더라면
I would accept your invitation.
◇ but that ------------------ 주 + 현재동사 : ~이 없다면
expect that ㅣ주 + 과거동사 : ~이 없었더라면
but what -----------------
* As I am poor, I can not go abroad.
= If I were not poor, I could go abroad.
= Were I not poor, I could go abroad.
= But that I am poor, I could go abroad.
◇ but that 다음엔 직설법이 오며 부정의 뜻이 포함되어 있으므로 not를 쓰면 틀린다. 주절이 가정법 과거이면 but that + 직설법 현재 형태
* but that + 직설법 현재, 주절 (could + 원형동사)
but that + 직설법 과거, 주절 (would + have p.p : 가정법 과거완료)
15. 조건을 포함하는 부정사와 분사
* I should be very glad to speak French : 가정법 과거
= I should be very glad if I could speak French.
* I should be happy to accompany you.
= I should be happy if I could accompany you.
(당신을 동반 할 수 있다면 기쁘겠습니다.)
* The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
(이와 같은 일이 만약 전시에 일어난다면 큰 재난이 될 것이다.)
happening in wartime. (분사구문)
= if it should happen in wartime.
* Left to herself, she would have gone astray.
= If she had been left to herself, she ~ .
* I should be very glad to speak French : 가정법 과거
= I should be very glad if I could speak French.
* I should be happy to accompany you.
= I should be happy if I could accompany you.
(당신을 동반 할 수 있다면 기쁘겠습니다.)
* The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
(이와 같은 일이 만약 전시에 일어난다면 큰 재난이 될 것이다.)
happening in wartime. (분사구문)
= if it should happen in wartime.
* Left to herself, she would have gone astray.
= If she had been left to herself, she ~ .
16. 주절 또는 조건절의 생략
* I could have come yesterday (if I had wanted to come)
* What if they should be thieves?
= What would be the result if they should be thieves?
* I could have come yesterday (if I had wanted to come)
* What if they should be thieves?
= What would be the result if they should be thieves?
17. 언외(言外)에 가정의 뜻을 포함하는 고정된 표현어구.
◇이들은 주로 사양하는 겸손한 완곡 어법이다.
① I should say he was a great scholar. (그는 아마 대학자이죠)
△여기에서의 was는 should가 과거형이므로 시제의 일치에 의한 것.
② That would seem strange. (그는 아마 이상하게 보일 것입니다.)
△If you did not know the truth, (진상을 모르시면)의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
③ I should like to make a tour round the world.(나는 세계일주 여행을 하고 싶다.)
△If I could의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
should like to: ~하고 싶다.
④ Would you mind lending me your car?
(미안하지만, 당신의 차를 좀 빌려 주시겠습니까?)
△If I could ask you의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
⑤ A pin might have been heard to drop. (if it had dropped의 뜻이 숨어있다.)
I could do it now. (지금 그것을 하려면 할 수도 있다.)
△if I would의 뜻이 숨어있다.
◇이들은 주로 사양하는 겸손한 완곡 어법이다.
① I should say he was a great scholar. (그는 아마 대학자이죠)
△여기에서의 was는 should가 과거형이므로 시제의 일치에 의한 것.
② That would seem strange. (그는 아마 이상하게 보일 것입니다.)
△If you did not know the truth, (진상을 모르시면)의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
③ I should like to make a tour round the world.(나는 세계일주 여행을 하고 싶다.)
△If I could의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
should like to: ~하고 싶다.
④ Would you mind lending me your car?
(미안하지만, 당신의 차를 좀 빌려 주시겠습니까?)
△If I could ask you의 뜻이 言外에 포함되어 있다.
⑤ A pin might have been heard to drop. (if it had dropped의 뜻이 숨어있다.)
I could do it now. (지금 그것을 하려면 할 수도 있다.)
△if I would의 뜻이 숨어있다.
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